ScalingStacks

Hamiltonian deformations and transversality [04AP]

Original official author HTML, exact retained edition. Historical TeX conversion verdicts remain unchanged. Cited-edition alignment and mathematical self-containment are not assessed.

Complete original source context · Original author HTML

Hamiltonian deformations and transversality

We now consider the parametrized moduli space of holomorphic curves over the infinite dimensional space of Hamiltonian deformations for the Lagrangian LL. Infinitesimally around a holomorphic curve Σ\Sigma, we have a Hamiltonian vector field XHX_{H} defined by ω⁡(XH,⋅)=d​H\omega(X_{H},\cdot)=dH, viewed as a T​XTX-valued vector field over Σ\Sigma. We are interested in whether the Hamiltonian deformation kills the cokernel of the ordinary Cauchy-Riemann operator. This question was first addressed by Oh [64]. The following account follows a similar strategy but differs in details.

Recall the ordinary Cauchy-Riemann operator maps W1,2​(Σ,u∗​T​X,u∗​T​L)W^{1,2}(\Sigma,u^{*}TX,u^{*}TL) to L2​(Σ,u∗​T​X⊗T∗(1,0)​Σ)L^{2}(\Sigma,u^{*}TX\otimes T^{*(1,0)}\Sigma). The effect of Hamiltonian deformation is to enlarge the domain of the ∂¯\bar{\partial} operator, by including the vector fields XHX_{H} for all the allowed Hamiltonians HH. The question is to analyze the pairing of ∂¯​XH\bar{\partial}X_{H} with the dualized cokernel elements.

Proposition 3.20.

Let u:Σ→Xu:\Sigma\to X be a holomorphic disc which is immersed near some point z0∈∂Σz_{0}\in\partial\Sigma with the boundary injectivity property u|∂Σ−1​(u⁡(z0))={z0}u|_{\partial\Sigma}^{-1}(u(z_{0}))=\{z_{0}\}. Let η\eta be a nonzero dualized cokernel element for the ordinary linearized Cauchy-Riemann operator. Then there is a Hamiltonian HH supported in any prescribed small ball on XX containing u⁡(z0)u(z_{0}), such that ∫Σ⟨∂¯​XH∧η⟩≠0\int_{\Sigma}\langle\bar{\partial}X_{H}\wedge\eta\rangle\neq 0.

Proof.

Since η\eta is a holomorphic 1-form valued in u∗​T∗​Xu^{*}T^{*}X, Stokes theorem gives

∫Σ⟨∂¯​XH∧η⟩=∫∂Σ⟨XH,η⟩,\int_{\Sigma}\langle\bar{\partial}X_{H}\wedge\eta\rangle=\int_{\partial\Sigma}\langle X_{H},\eta\rangle,

where ⟨,⟩\langle,\rangle stands for the pairing between T​XTX and T∗​XT^{*}X. On ∂Σ\partial\Sigma, we can write η=ω⁡(⋅,Y)​d​s\eta=\omega(\cdot,Y)ds for some vector field YY valued in u∗​T​Xu^{*}TX, and ss is any local coordinate on ∂Σ\partial\Sigma. The cokernel element condition implies ω⁡(v,Y)=0\omega(v,Y)=0 for any v∈u∗​T​Lv\in u^{*}TL, so YY must in fact be valued in the Lagrangian subbundle u∗​T​Lu^{*}TL. Thus

∫∂Σ⟨XH,η⟩=∫∂Σω⁡(XH,Y)​𝑑s=∫∂Σd​H​(Y)​𝑑s.\int_{\partial\Sigma}\langle X_{H},\eta\rangle=\int_{\partial\Sigma}\omega(X_{H},Y)ds=\int_{\partial\Sigma}dH(Y)ds.

We suppose for contradiction, that this pairing vanishes identically for any HH supported in the prescribed ball.

By the holomorphicity of η\eta, its zeros are isolated, so without loss of generality YY does not vanish in the local portion of ∂Σ\partial\Sigma where uu is injective and immersed. Suppose first that YY is not tangent to the image of Σ\Sigma. Then we find some local function hh on a small ball in XX with d​h​(Y)=1dh(Y)=1 and h=0h=0 on the local portion of ∂Σ\partial\Sigma, and another cutoff function h2≥0h_{2}\geq 0 with d​h2​(Y)=0dh_{2}(Y)=0 along ∂Σ\partial\Sigma, supported in a small ball. Taking H=h​h2H=hh_{2}, then

∫∂Σd​H​(Y)​𝑑s=∫∂Σh2​𝑑s≠0.\int_{\partial\Sigma}dH(Y)ds=\int_{\partial\Sigma}h_{2}ds\neq 0.

This contradiction shows YY is tangent to the image of Σ\Sigma in the local portion of ∂Σ\partial\Sigma. We can write Y=f∂sY=f\partial_{s} for some local function ff. Then requiring

∫∂ΣdH(Y)ds=∫∂Σf∂sHds=−∫∂ΣH∂sfds\int_{\partial\Sigma}dH(Y)ds=\int_{\partial\Sigma}f\partial_{s}Hds=-\int_{\partial\Sigma}H\partial_{s}fds

for any compactly supported local function HH, implies that ff is constant in the local portion of ∂Σ\partial\Sigma. Thus up to multiplying by a nonzero constant, locally

Y=∂u∂s​d​s,η=ω⁡(⋅,∂u∂s)​d​s.Y=\frac{\partial u}{\partial s}ds,\quad\eta=\omega(\cdot,\frac{\partial u}{\partial s})ds. (29)

We now produce holomorphic vector fields on Σ\Sigma. For holomorphic strips or polygons with k+1≥3k+1\geq 3 corners, we select one input end as pp, and call the output qq as usual, and represent Σ\Sigma as a strip with k−1k-1 boundary punctures. This perspective provides a natural translation vector field ∂u∂s\frac{\partial u}{\partial s}, which have exponential decay along the p,qp,q ends, but may not be L2L^{2} near the other k−1k-1 ends. Instead, by thinking about the k−1k-1 ends as the origin in the upper half plane model, we see

∂u∂s=O⁡(|z|α−1),α=min⁡{ϕ1/π,…​ϕn/π}\frac{\partial u}{\partial s}=O(|z|^{\alpha-1}),\quad\alpha=\min\{\phi_{1}/\pi,\ldots\phi_{n}/\pi\}

for the characterizing angles ϕ1,…​ϕn\phi_{1},\ldots\phi_{n} at the Lagrangian intersection point. The T(1,0)​XT^{(1,0)}X part of 2​JX​∂u∂s2J_{X}\frac{\partial u}{\partial s} is JX​∂u∂s+−1​∂u∂sJ_{X}\frac{\partial u}{\partial s}+\sqrt{-1}\frac{\partial u}{\partial s}. Contracting this with the T∗(1,0)​X⊗T∗(1,0)​ΣT^{*(1,0)}X\otimes T^{*(1,0)}\Sigma part of η\eta yields a 1-form on Σ\Sigma

ζ=η⁡(JX​∂u∂s+−1​∂u∂s)\zeta=\eta(J_{X}\frac{\partial u}{\partial s}+\sqrt{-1}\frac{\partial u}{\partial s})

which is also holomorphic, with boundary value along Σ\Sigma

ζ=ω⁡(JX​∂u∂s+−1​∂u∂s,Y)​d​s=ω⁡(JX​∂u∂s,Y)​d​s.\zeta=\omega(J_{X}\frac{\partial u}{\partial s}+\sqrt{-1}\frac{\partial u}{\partial s},Y)ds=\omega(J_{X}\frac{\partial u}{\partial s},Y)ds. (30)

Here ω⁡(∂u∂s,Y)=0\omega(\frac{\partial u}{\partial s},Y)=0 since both vectors satisfy the T​LTL boundary condition. Notably, the boundary condition of ζ\zeta is real valued. In the upper half plane model, the Schwartz reflection principle allows us to extend ζ\zeta meromorphically over ℂ​ℙ1\mathbb{CP}^{1}.

At any of the k−1k-1 ends, since η∈L2\eta\in L^{2}, we know by holomorphicity |η|=O⁡(|z|α)|\eta|=O(|z|^{\alpha}), so ζ=O⁡(|z|2​α−1)\zeta=O(|z|^{2\alpha-1}) in the upper half plane model, hence has no pole. At the p,qp,q ends, by the decay of the holomorphic ∂u∂s\frac{\partial u}{\partial s} and η\eta, we likewise infer that ζ\zeta has no pole in the upper half plane model. In conclusion, the extension of ζ\zeta over ℂ​ℙ1\mathbb{CP}^{1} has no pole, so must in fact vanish. However, by (29)(30), on a local portion of ∂Σ\partial\Sigma

ζ=ω⁡(JX​∂u∂s,∂u∂s)​d​s≠0.\zeta=\omega(J_{X}\frac{\partial u}{\partial s},\frac{\partial u}{\partial s})ds\neq 0.

This contradiction proves the Proposition in the k≥1k\geq 1 case.

Finally, for the teardrop curve case k=0k=0, we replace the holomorphic vector field ∂u∂s\frac{\partial u}{\partial s} by the Möbius vector fields vanishing at the corner, and the rest of the arguments are entirely similar. ∎

The upshot is that by the Sard-Smale theorem, provided we can always ensure ‘somewhere boundary injectivity’ for any holomorphic disc in a given moduli space, then generic Hamiltonian perturbation would be able to achieve regularity for the moduli space.

Remark 3.8.

In the exact setting there is no closed holomorphic curve. The failure of ‘somewhere boundary injectivity’ is often associated with multiple cover issues, namely u:Σ→Xu:\Sigma\to X may decompose into several domain components, each of which factorizes through a somewhere boundary injective holomorphic disc (cf. [50] for the case of Lagrangian boundary with no corners).

In the simplest case, if uu factorizes through another disc, then the corner points would be repeated several times on ∂Σ\partial\Sigma. This phenomenon does not happen for the curves appearing in the bordism current 𝒞\mathcal{C}, which involve only one corner at C​F0​(L,L′)CF^{0}(L,L^{\prime}) and one corner at C​F0​(L′,L)CF^{0}(L^{\prime},L). Nor does this occur for teardrop curves, which have only one corner at a degree two self intersection point. This raises hope that the failure of ‘somewhere boundary injectivity’ may be highly nongeneric, or in certain situations can be ruled out altogether.

Original mathematics by the credited authors. Source-backed reader collection; mathematical self-containment is not assessed.