ScalingStacks

Lawlor necks [0480]

Original official author HTML, exact retained edition. Historical TeX conversion verdicts remain unchanged. Cited-edition alignment and mathematical self-containment are not assessed.

Complete original source context · Original author HTML

Lawlor necks

We first recall some basics about Lawlor necks [51][45], which are non-compact embedded exact special Lagrangians Lϕ,AL_{\phi,A} inside the standard Euclidean ℂn\mathbb{C}^{n}, asymptotic at infinity to the union of two planes

Π0=ℝn,Πϕ=(ei​ϕ1,…​ei​ϕn)​ℝn,0<ϕi<π,∑ϕi=π.\Pi_{0}=\mathbb{R}^{n},\quad\Pi_{\phi}=(e^{i\phi_{1}},\ldots e^{i\phi_{n}})\mathbb{R}^{n},\quad 0<\phi_{i}<\pi,\quad\sum\phi_{i}=\pi.

Symplectic topologically, they can be viewed as a realisation of the Lagrangian handle Sn−1×ℝS^{n-1}\times\mathbb{R} that appears in the Lagrangian connected sum construction. This motivates the ansatz

Lϕ,A={(z1(y)x1,…,zn(y)xn):y∈ℝ,xk∈ℝ,x12+…+xn2=1}.L_{\phi,A}=\{(z_{1}(y)x_{1},...,z_{n}(y)x_{n}):y\in\mathbb{R},x_{k}\in\mathbb{R},x^{2}_{1}+\ldots+x_{n}^{2}=1\}. (7)

The special Lagrangian condition translates into an ODE system on the functions z1​(y),…​zn​(y)z_{1}(y),\ldots z_{n}(y), which can be solved exactly as follows.

Let n>2n>2 and a1,…,an>0a_{1},...,a_{n}>0, and define polynomials p,Pp,P by

p⁡(x)=(1+a1​x2)​…​(1+an​x2)−1,P⁡(x)=p⁡(x)x2.p(x)=(1+a_{1}x^{2})\ldots(1+a_{n}x^{2})-1,\quad P(x)=\frac{p(x)}{x^{2}}.

Define real numbers ϕ1,…,ϕn\phi_{1},...,\phi_{n} and AA by

ϕk=ak​∫−∞∞d​x(1+ak​x2)​P⁡(x),A=∫−∞∞d​x2​P⁡(x)\phi_{k}=a_{k}\int_{-\infty}^{\infty}\frac{dx}{(1+a_{k}x^{2})\sqrt{P(x)}},\quad A=\int_{-\infty}^{\infty}\frac{dx}{2\sqrt{P(x)}}

Clearly ϕk,A>0\phi_{k},A>0, and elementary integration shows ∑ϕi=π\sum\phi_{i}=\pi. This yields a 1-1 correspondence between nn-tuples (a1,…,an)(a_{1},\ldots,a_{n}) with ak>0a_{k}>0, and (n+1)(n+1)-tuples (ϕ1,…,ϕn,A)(\phi_{1},\ldots,\phi_{n},A) with ϕk∈(0,π)\phi_{k}\in(0,\pi), ∑ϕk=π\sum\phi_{k}=\pi and A>0A>0. Setting

zk​(y)=ei​ψk​(y)​ak−1+y2,where ​ψk​(y)=ak​∫−∞yd​x(1+ak​x2)​P⁡(x),z_{k}(y)=e^{i\psi_{k}(y)}\sqrt{a_{k}^{-1}+y^{2}},\quad\text{where }\psi_{k}(y)=a_{k}\int_{-\infty}^{y}\frac{dx}{(1+a_{k}x^{2})\sqrt{P(x)}},

yields the solution (z1​(y),…,zn​(y))(z_{1}(y),\ldots,z_{n}(y)), hence the Lawlor necks Lϕ,AL_{\phi,A}.

For fixed asymptotic planes Π0,Πϕ\Pi_{0},\Pi_{\phi}, the Lawlor necks arise in a 1-parameter family, related to each other by the rescaling z→→λ​z→\vec{z}\to\lambda\vec{z} in ℂn\mathbb{C}^{n}, and AA behaves like 2-dimensional area A→λ2​AA\to\lambda^{2}A under this scaling. One also observes that asymptotically near infinity, the Lawlor necks are graphs over Π0\Pi_{0} (resp. Πϕ\Pi_{\phi}) of the differential d​fdf, where

|f|=O⁡(|x→|2−n),|∂kf|=O⁡(|x→|2−n−k).|f|=O(|\vec{x}|^{2-n}),\quad|\partial^{k}f|=O(|\vec{x}|^{2-n-k}).

We say the Lawlor neck has asymptotic decay rate 2−n2-n. The upshot is that it approaches Π0∪Πϕ\Pi_{0}\cup\Pi_{\phi} sufficiently fast.

Original mathematics by the credited authors. Source-backed reader collection; mathematical self-containment is not assessed.