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10.4 Symplectomorphisms assigned to lines [03WJ]

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10.4 Symplectomorphisms assigned to lines

In this section we are going to assign to each line l∈ℒl\in{\cal L} a symplectomorphism

φl∈Γ⁡((0,+∞),fl∗​(S​y​m​p))\varphi_{l}\in\Gamma\left((0,+\infty),f_{l}^{*}\left(Symp\right)\right)

giving for each t>0t>0 a transformation φl​(t):𝒪Y,fl​(t)c​a​n→𝒪Y,fl​(t)c​a​n\varphi_{l}(t):{\cal O}^{can}_{Y,f_{l}(t)}\to{\cal O}^{can}_{Y,f_{l}(t)}. This symplectomorphism in local coordinates will belong to the subgroup GλG_{\lambda} where λ\lambda is the slope of αl​(t)\alpha_{l}(t). More precisely, we demand that φl​(t)\varphi_{l}(t) is of the form

φl​(t)=exp⁡{Fl,t​(ξ−a​η−b),⋅},\varphi_{l}(t)=\exp\{F_{l,t}(\xi^{-a}\eta^{-b}),\cdot\}\,\,,

where αl​(t)=a​d​x+b​d​y\alpha_{l}(t)=adx+bdy, operation {⋅,⋅}\{\cdot,\cdot\} is the Poisson bracket on 𝒪Y,fl​(t)c​a​n{\cal O}^{can}_{Y,f_{l}(t)} and Fl,t​(z)∈z​K​[[z]]F_{l,t}(z)\in zK[[z]] is an analytic function of one variable satisfying the following condition. Let us consider the pullback (by the exponential map) of the function Fl,t​(ξ−a​η−b)F_{l,t}(\xi^{-a}\eta^{-b}) to a section of the sheaf 𝒪c​a​n{\cal O}^{can} on vector space Tfl​(t)​Y≃𝐑2T_{f_{l}(t)}Y\simeq{\bf R}^{2} considered as a manifold with 𝐙{\bf Z}-affine structure. Then this pullback should admit an analytic continuation from 0∈Tfl​(t)0\in T_{f_{l}(t)} to the half-plane Pl,tP_{l,t}, and obey there the bound

|Fl,t​(ξ−a​η−b)|≤exp⁡(−o​r​dl​(t)).|F_{l,t}(\xi^{-a}\eta^{-b})|\leq\exp(-ord_{l}(t))\,\,.

Let us explain the construction of φl​(t)\varphi_{l}(t), leaving the justification for the next sections.

Symplectomorphisms φl\varphi_{l} are constructed by an inductive procedure. Let l=l+∈ℒi​nl=l_{+}\in{\cal L}_{in} be (in standard affine coordinates) a line in the half-plane y>0y>0 emerging from (0,0)(0,0) (there is another such line l−l_{-} in the half-plane y<0y<0). Assume that tt is sufficiently small. Then we define φl​(t)∈S​y​m​pfl​(t)\varphi_{l}(t)\in Symp_{f_{l}(t)} on topological generators ξ,η\xi,\eta by the formula (as in Section 8)

φl​(t)​(ξ,η)=(ξ⁡(1+1/η),η).\varphi_{l}(t)(\xi,\eta)=(\xi(1+1/\eta),\eta)\,\,.

Notice that φl​(t)=exp⁡{F⁡(η−1),⋅}\varphi_{l}(t)=\exp\{F(\eta^{-1}),\cdot\}, where F⁡(z)=∑n>0(−1)n​zn/n2F(z)=\sum_{n>0}(-1)^{n}z^{n}/n^{2} is convergent for |z|<1|z|<1.

In order to extend φl​(t)\varphi_{l}(t) to the interval (0,t0)(0,t_{0}), where t0t_{0} is not small, we cover the corresponding segment of ll by open charts. Notice that change of affine coordinates transforms η\eta into a monomial multiplied by a constant from K×K^{\times}. Therefore η\eta extends analytically in a unique way to a global section over (0,+∞)(0,+\infty) of the sheaf fl∗​((𝒪c​a​n)×)f_{l}^{\ast}(({\cal O}^{can})^{\times}). Moreover, the norm |η||\eta| strictly decreases as tt increases, and remains strictly smaller than 11. Hence F⁡(η)F(\eta) can be canonically extended for all t>0t>0.

Each symplectomorphism φl​(t)\varphi_{l}(t) is defined by a series which converges in the half-plane Pl,tP_{l,t}. Using the exponential map associated with the affine structure as well as estimates of o​r​dl​(t)ord_{l}(t), we can extend analytically φl​(t)\varphi_{l}(t) into a neighborhood of fl​(t)f_{l}(t).

Let us now assume that l1l_{1} and l2l_{2} collide at p=fl1​(t1)=fl2​(t2)p=f_{l_{1}}(t_{1})=f_{l_{2}}(t_{2}), generating the line l∈ℒc​o​ml\in{\cal L}_{com}. Then φl​(0)\varphi_{l}(0) is defined with the help of factorization theorem in the group GG. More precisely, we set αi:=αli(ti),i=1,2\alpha_{i}:=\alpha_{l_{i}}(t_{i}),\,\,i=1,2 and the angle VV to be the intersection of half-planes Pl1,t1∩Pl2,t2P_{l_{1},t_{1}}\cap P_{l_{2},t_{2}}. By construction elements g0:=φl1​(t1)g_{0}:=\varphi_{l_{1}}(t_{1}) and g+∞:=φl2​(t2)g_{+\infty}:=\varphi_{l_{2}}(t_{2}) belong respectively to G0G_{0} and G+∞G_{+\infty}. Then we can use the factorization Theorem 6 and write down the formula

g+∞​g0=∏→((gλ)λ∈[0,+∞]𝐐)=g0​…​g1/2​…​g1​…​g+∞,g_{+\infty}g_{0}={\textstyle\prod_{\to}}\left((g_{\lambda})_{\lambda\in[0,+\infty]_{\bf Q}}\right)=g_{0}\dots g_{1/2}\dots g_{1}\dots g_{+\infty}\,\,,

where gλ∈Gλg_{\lambda}\in G_{\lambda} and the product on the right is in the increasing order. There is no clash of notations because it is easy to see that the boundary factors in the decomposition from above are indeed equal to g0g_{0} and g+∞g_{+\infty}. Each term gλg_{\lambda} with 0<λ=n1/n2<+∞0<\lambda=n_{1}/n_{2}<+\infty corresponds to the newborn line ll with the direction covector n1​αl1​(t1)+n2​αl2​(t2)n_{1}\alpha_{l_{1}}(t_{1})+n_{2}\alpha_{l_{2}}(t_{2}). Then we set φl​(0):=gλ\varphi_{l}(0):=g_{\lambda}. This transformation is defined by a series which is convergent in a neighborhood of pp, and using the analytic continuation as above, we obtain φl​(t)\varphi_{l}(t) for t>0t>0. The decomposition identity can be rewritten as

g0​…​g1/2​…​g1​…​g+∞​g0−1​g+∞−1=i​dg_{0}\dots g_{1/2}\dots g_{1}\dots g_{+\infty}g_{0}^{-1}g_{+\infty}^{-1}=id

where each factor corresponds to half-lines at the collision point (see Figure 5), and the meaning of the identity is that the infinite composition of symplectomorphisms in the natural cyclic order on half-lines, is trivial.

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