ScalingStacks

6.8 Further examples [03VJ]

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6.8 Further examples

There are many families of Calabi-Yau varieties with huge groups of birational automorphisms. The following example we learned from D.Panov and D.Zvonkine. For any real numbers l1,…,ln>0l_{1},\dots,l_{n}>0 we can consider the space of planar nn-gons with the length of edges equal to l1,…,lnl_{1},\dots,l_{n}, modulo the group of orientation-preserving motions. This space can be identified with the space of solutions of the following system of equations

∑li​zi=0,∑li​zi−1=0\sum l_{i}z_{i}=0,\,\,\,\sum l_{i}z_{i}^{-1}=0

where (z1:…:zn)∈𝐂Pn−1(z_{1}:\dots:z_{n})\in{\bf C}P^{n-1} is a point satisfying the reality condition |zi|=1,i=1,…,n|z_{i}|=1,\,\,i=1,\dots,n. Hence we obtain a singular subvariety of 𝐂​Pn−1{\bf C}P^{n-1} of codimension 22, depending on parameters l1,…,lnl_{1},\dots,l_{n}. One can check that this variety is birationally isomorphic to a non-singular Calabi-Yau variety. For any proper set I⊂{1,…,n}I\subset\{1,\dots,n\}, 2≤|I|≤n−22\leq|I|\leq n-2 we have a birational involution σI\sigma_{I} defined by the formula

σI∗​(zi)={c/zi if i∈Izi if i∉I\sigma_{I}^{*}(z_{i})=\left\{\begin{array}[]{ll}c/z_{i}&\mbox{ if $i\in I$}\\ z_{i}&\mbox{ if $i\notin I$}\end{array}\right.

where c:=∑i∈Ili​zi∑i∈Ili/zic:=\frac{\sum_{i\in I}l_{i}z_{i}}{\sum_{i\in I}l_{i}/z_{i}}.

We do not know at the moment the structure of the group GnG_{n} generated by involutions σI\sigma_{I}. One can obtain easily explicit formulas for the action of GnG_{n} by piecewise-linear homemorphisms of Sn−3S^{n-3}. Length parameters lil_{i} should be replaced by elements of a non-archimedean field KK with “generic” norms λi=v​a​lK​(li)∈𝐑\lambda_{i}=val_{K}(l_{i})\in{\bf R}. Denote by ζi,i=1,…,n\zeta_{i},\,\,i=1,\dots,n real variables which have the meaning of valuations of variables zi∈Kz_{i}\in K. Sphere Sn−3S^{n-3} is obtained in the following way. In 𝐑n{\bf R}^{n} we consider the intersection of two subsets:

{(ζ1,…​ζn)|mini⁡(λi+ζi)​ is achieved at least twice}\{(\zeta_{1},\dots\zeta_{n})\,|\,\,\,\min_{i}(\lambda_{i}+\zeta_{i})\mbox{ is achieved at least twice}\}

and

{(ζ1,…​ζn)|mini⁡(λi−ζi)​ is achieved at least twice}\{(\zeta_{1},\dots\zeta_{n})\,|\,\,\,\min_{i}(\lambda_{i}-\zeta_{i})\mbox{ is achieved at least twice}\}

and then take the quotient by the action of 𝐑{\bf R}:

(ζ1,…​ζn)→(ζ1+c,…​ζn+c)(\zeta_{1},\dots\zeta_{n})\rightarrow(\zeta_{1}+c,\dots\zeta_{n}+c)

corresponding to the projectivization. For appropriately chosen (λ1,…,λn)(\lambda_{1},\dots,\lambda_{n}) we obtain a set which is the union of Sn−3S^{n-3} with several “wings” going to infinity. The action of the involution σI\sigma_{I} is obtained from algebraic formulas from above, in which one replace non-archimedean variables by real ones, addition by minimum and multiplication (division) by addition (subtraction).

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