ScalingStacks

4.2.5 K3 surfaces [03U8]

Original official author HTML, exact retained edition. Historical TeX conversion verdicts remain unchanged. Cited-edition alignment and mathematical self-containment are not assessed.

Complete original source context Β· Original author HTML

4.2.5 K3 surfaces

Here we will describe a particular case of the construction from Section 4.2.3 (a contraction of a Clemens polytope).

Let field KK be 𝐂⁑((t)){{\bf C}}((t)) and XβŠ‚πK3X\subset{\bf P}^{3}_{K} be a formal family of complex K3 surfaces given by the equation

x0​x1​x2​x3+t​P4​(x0,x1,x2,x3)=0,x_{0}x_{1}x_{2}x_{3}+tP_{4}(x_{0},x_{1},x_{2},x_{3})=0\,\,,

where P4P_{4} is a generic homogeneous polynomial of degree four, and tt is a formal parameter.

The special fiber at t=0t=0 of this family is singular, it is given by the equation x0​x1​x2​x3=0x_{0}x_{1}x_{2}x_{3}=0. Let us denote by 𝐏3~\widetilde{{\bf P}^{3}} the blow-up of the total space of the trivial 𝐏3{\bf P}^{3}-bundle over S​p​e​c​(π’ͺK)Spec({\cal O}_{K}) at 2424 points pΞ±,1≀α≀24p_{\alpha},1\leq\alpha\leq 24 of the special fiber, where each pΞ±p_{\alpha} is a solution of the equation

P4​(x0,x1,x2,x3)=0,xi=xj=0,  1≀i<j≀4.P_{4}(x_{0},x_{1},x_{2},x_{3})=0,\,\,x_{i}=x_{j}=0,\,\,1\leq i<j\leq 4\,\,.

The closure 𝒳{\cal X} of XX in 𝐏3~\widetilde{{\bf P}^{3}} is a model with simple normal crossings. The associated Clemens polytope S𝒳S_{\cal X} has 2828 vertices. Four of them correspond to coordinate hyperplanes xi=0x_{i}=0 in 𝐏3{\bf P}^{3}, and 2424 other correspond to divisors sitting at the pre-images of the points pΞ±p_{\alpha}. Therefore S𝒳S_{\cal X} is the union of the boundary βˆ‚Ξ”3\partial\Delta^{3} of the standard 33-simplex Ξ”3\Delta^{3} with 2424 copies of the standard 22-simplex Ξ”2\Delta^{2}. Those 2424 triangles Δα2,1≀α≀24\Delta_{\alpha}^{2},1\leq\alpha\leq 24 are decomposed into six groups of four triangles in each. All triangles from the same group have a common edge, which is identified with an edge of βˆ‚Ξ”3\partial\Delta^{3} (tetrahedron with 2424 β€œwings”). As we mentioned in the previous example, there is a continuous map p:Xa​nβ†’S𝒳p:X^{an}\to S_{\cal X}. We are going to construct BB as a retraction of S𝒳S_{\cal X}.

In order to do this we observe that for an edge eβŠ‚Ξ”2e\subset\Delta^{2} and a point a∈ea\in e one has the canonical retraction pa,e:Ξ”2β†’ep_{a,e}:\Delta^{2}\to e. Namely, let us identify the edge ee with the interval [βˆ’1,1][-1,1] of the real line, so that aa is identified with the point a=(a0,0)a=(a_{0},0), and Ξ”2\Delta^{2} is bounded by ee and the segments 0≀y≀1βˆ’|x|0\leq y\leq 1-|x|. Then we define pa,ep_{a,e} by the formulas (see Figure 2)

(x,y)↦(x+y,0),x+y≀a0;(x,y)↦(xβˆ’y,0),xβˆ’yβ‰₯a0;(x,y)↦(a0,0),Β otherwise.\begin{array}[]{llcl}(x,y)&\mapsto&(x+y,0)\,,&x+y\leq a_{0}\,\,;\\ (x,y)&\mapsto&(x-y,0)\,,&x-y\geq a_{0}\,\,;\\ (x,y)&\mapsto&(a_{0},0)\,,&\mbox{ otherwise.}\end{array}

Refer to caption

Figure 2: Triangle contracted to one side. The dashed area maps to point aa.

Now we choose a point qi​j,0≀i<j≀3q_{ij},0\leq i<j\leq 3 in the interior of each edge ei​je_{ij} of βˆ‚Ξ”3\partial\Delta^{3} (here i,ji,j are identified with the vertices of βˆ‚Ξ”3\partial\Delta^{3}). There are four β€œwings” Δα2\Delta_{\alpha}^{2} having ei​je_{ij} as a common edge. Then we retract each Δα2\Delta_{\alpha}^{2} to ei​je_{ij} by the map pqi​j,ei​jp_{q_{ij},e_{ij}}. This gives us a retraction Ο€β€²=Ο€(qi​j)β€²:Sπ’³β†’βˆ‚Ξ”3\pi^{\prime}=\pi^{\prime}_{(q_{ij})}:S_{\cal X}\to\partial\Delta^{3}. Let Ο€:=pπ’³βˆ˜Ο€(qi​j)β€²:Xa​nβ†’B\pi:=p_{\cal X}\circ\pi^{\prime}_{(q_{ij})}:X^{an}\to B be the composition of the projection p𝒳:Xa​nβ†’S𝒳p_{\cal X}:X^{an}\to S_{\cal X} with the above retraction. One can show that all points of B:=βˆ‚Ξ”3B:=\partial\Delta^{3} are Ο€\pi-smooth except of the chosen six points qi​j,0≀i<j≀3q_{ij},0\leq i<j\leq 3. According to Theorem 1 we obtain a 𝐙{\bf Z}-affine structure on S2βˆ–βˆͺ1≀i<j≀3{qi​j}S^{2}\setminus\cup_{1\leq i<j\leq 3}\{q_{ij}\}. One can show that the local monodromy around each point qi​jq_{ij} is conjugate to the matrix

(1401).\left(\begin{array}[]{cc}1&4\\ 0&1\end{array}\right)\,\,.

We skip the computations here.

Original mathematics by the credited authors. Source-backed reader collection; mathematical self-containment is not assessed.