ScalingStacks

6.7.3 Lattice points [03VI]

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6.7.3 Lattice points

Let us consider the special case when vector vv is a lattice vector, i.e. v∈Λ2,18v\in\Lambda_{2,18}. In A-model picture it corresponds to the integrality of the class [ω][\omega] of symplectic 2-form. In B-model this means that the non-archimedean field KK has valuation in 𝐙⊂𝐑{\bf Z}\subset{\bf R}. In terms of 𝐙{\bf Z}-affine structures it means that the monodromy of the affine connection is reduced to S​L​(2,𝐙)⋉𝐙2SL(2,{\bf Z})\ltimes{\bf Z}^{2}. Group Γv\Gamma_{v} is a subgroup (and also a quotient group) of an arithmetic subgroup in the Lie group S​O​(1,18)SO(1,18). Also in this case there is a Γv\Gamma_{v}-invariant notion of a point with integer coordinates on B≃S2B\simeq S^{2}, as well of points with coordinates in 1N​𝐙\frac{1}{N}{\bf Z} for any integer N≥1N\geq 1. The number Mv,NM_{v,N} of such points is finite. It is not hard to see that Mv,N=A​r​e​av+2=(v,v)2​N2+2M_{v,N}=Area_{v}+2={{(v,v)}\over{2}}N^{2}+2 where A​r​e​avArea_{v} is the area of BB with a 𝐙{\bf Z}-PL structure corresponding to vv. This is analogous to the Riemann-Roch formula r​k​(Γ⁡(X𝐂,L⊗N))=∫Xc1​(L)22+2rk\,\left(\Gamma(X_{\bf C},L^{\otimes N})\right)=\int_{X}{{c_{1}(L)^{2}}\over{2}}+2 for an ample line bundle LL on a complex K3 surface X𝐂X_{\bf C}.

The action of Γv\Gamma_{v} on S2S^{2} gives rise to a homomorphism Γv→SMv,n\Gamma_{v}\to S_{M_{v,n}} where SMv,nS_{M_{v,n}} is the symmetric group. Also the action gives a homomorphism from Γv\Gamma_{v} to the mapping class group π1​(ℳ0,Mv,Nu​n​o​r​d)\pi_{1}({\cal{M}}_{0,M_{v,N}}^{unord}), the fundamental group of the moduli space of genus zero complex curves with Mv,NM_{v,N} unordered distinct marked points. The last group is closely related to the braid group. The conclusion is that we have constructed homomorphisms from arithmetic groups to a tower of braid groups.

One can deduce from Torelli theorem an interpretation of Γv\Gamma_{v} as a quotient group of the fundamental group of a neighborhood UU of a cusp in 19-dimensional moduli space of polarized complex algebraic K3-surfaces, where vector vv corresponds to the polarization. Therefore the homomorphism Γv→SMv,n\Gamma_{v}\to S_{M_{v,n}} gives a finite covering U′U^{\prime} of UU. One may wonder whether there exists a line bundle over U′U^{\prime} whose direct image to UU coinsides with the direct image of the sheaf L⊗NL^{\otimes N} from the universal family of K3 surfaces (this question is in spirit of some ideas of Andrey Tyurin, see e.g. [Tyu]).

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