ScalingStacks

4.2 Examples [03U3]

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4.2 Examples

4.2.1 Logarithmic map

This is a basic example

π=πc​a​n=log|⋅|:X=(𝐆ma​n)n→B0=B=𝐑n\pi=\pi_{can}=\log|\cdot|:X=({\bf G}_{m}^{an})^{n}\to B_{0}=B={{\bf R}}^{n}

described in details in Appendix A. For any algebraic (or analytic) subvariety Z⊂(𝐆ma​n)nZ\subset({\bf G}_{m}^{an})^{n} of dimension m≤nm\leq n its image π⁡(Z)\pi(Z) is a non-compact piecewise-linear closed subset of 𝐑n{\bf R}^{n} of real dimension mm. Smooth points for π|Z\pi_{|Z} are dense in π⁡(Z)\pi(Z).

In particular, if ZZ is a curve then π⁡(Z)\pi(Z) is a graph in BB with straight edges having rational directions. One can try to make a dictionary which translates the properties of the algebraic variety Z⊂𝐆mnZ\subset{\bf G}_{m}^{n} to the properties of the PL set π⁡(Za​n)\pi(Z^{an}) which is the closure of π⁡(Z⁡(K¯))\pi(Z(\overline{K})) in 𝐑n{\bf R}^{n}. This circle of ideas is a subject of the so-called “tropical geometry” (see e.g. [Mi]).

4.2.2 Tate tori

Let ρ:𝐙n→(K×)n\rho:{{\bf Z}}^{n}\to(K^{\times})^{n} be a group homomorphism such that the image of the composition v​a​l∘ρ:𝐙n→𝐑nval\circ\rho:{{\bf Z}}^{n}\to{{\bf R}}^{n} is a rank nn lattice in 𝐑n{{\bf R}}^{n}. Group (K×)n(K^{\times})^{n} acts by translations on the analytic space (𝐆ma​n)n({\bf G}_{m}^{an})^{n}. Restriction of this action to 𝐙n{{\bf Z}}^{n} (via ρ\rho) is discrete and cocompact. The quotient is a KK-analytic space XX called Tate torus. There is an obvious map π:X→B:=𝐑n/(v​a​l∘ρ)​(𝐙n)\pi:X\to B:={{\bf R}}^{n}/(val\circ\rho)({{\bf Z}}^{n}). All points of BB are smooth. The space XX depends on n2n^{2} parameters taking values in K×K^{\times}(cf. with the flat tori example in Section 3.2.1).

4.2.3 Clemens polytopes and their contractions

For any smooth projective variety XX of dimension nn, and and a snc model 𝒳{\cal X} of it (see Appendix A) we have a canonical projection to the corresponding Clemens polytope

p𝒳:Xa​n→S𝒳.p_{{\cal X}}:X^{an}\rightarrow S_{{\cal X}}\,\,.

All interior points of nn-dimensional simplices of S𝒳S_{{\cal X}} are p𝒳p_{{\cal X}}-smooth, although there might be other smooth points too. More generally, one can compose projection p𝒳p_{{\cal X}} with a continuous surjection π′:S𝒳↠B\pi^{\prime}:S_{{\cal X}}\twoheadrightarrow B where BB is a finite CW complex and map π′\pi^{\prime} is a cell map for some cell subdivision of S𝒳S_{{\cal X}}. We assume that fibers of the composition π:=π′∘p𝒳:Xa​n→B\pi:=\pi^{\prime}\circ p_{{\cal X}}:X^{an}\to B are connected. This seems to be the most general case of maps from projective varieties over complete local fields to CW complexes relevant for our purposes.

4.2.4 Curves

Let X/KX/K be a connected smooth projective curve of genus g>1g>1. After passing to a finite extension K′K^{\prime} of KK we may assume that XX has a canonical model 𝒳{\cal X} with stable reduction. The graph Γ′\Gamma^{\prime} corresponding to the special fiber 𝒳0{\cal X}_{0} is a retraction of (X⊗KK′)a​n(X\otimes_{K}K^{\prime})^{an}. The quotient graph Γ=Γ′/G​a​l​(K′/K)\Gamma=\Gamma^{\prime}/Gal(K^{\prime}/K) is a retraction of the analytic curve Xa​nX^{an} (see [Be1]). We define B:=ΓB:=\Gamma. Then Bs​mB^{sm} is a complement to a finite set. As in Section 3.2.2, a 𝐙{\bf Z}-affine structure on a graph is the same as a length element (i.e. a metric). Therefore Γ\Gamma is a metrized graph. Notice also that the maximal number of edges of the graph corresponding to a genus gg curve is 3​g−33g-3, which is the dimension of the moduli space of genus gg curves.

Notice that if in Section 4.2.1 subvariety ZZ is a curve then its projection is a noncompact metrized graph with unbounded edges corresponding to punctures Z¯∖Z{\overline{Z}}\setminus Z.

4.2.5 K3 surfaces

Here we will describe a particular case of the construction from Section 4.2.3 (a contraction of a Clemens polytope).

Let field KK be 𝐂⁡((t)){{\bf C}}((t)) and X⊂𝐏K3X\subset{\bf P}^{3}_{K} be a formal family of complex K3 surfaces given by the equation

x0​x1​x2​x3+t​P4​(x0,x1,x2,x3)=0,x_{0}x_{1}x_{2}x_{3}+tP_{4}(x_{0},x_{1},x_{2},x_{3})=0\,\,,

where P4P_{4} is a generic homogeneous polynomial of degree four, and tt is a formal parameter.

The special fiber at t=0t=0 of this family is singular, it is given by the equation x0​x1​x2​x3=0x_{0}x_{1}x_{2}x_{3}=0. Let us denote by 𝐏3~\widetilde{{\bf P}^{3}} the blow-up of the total space of the trivial 𝐏3{\bf P}^{3}-bundle over S​p​e​c​(𝒪K)Spec({\cal O}_{K}) at 2424 points pα,1≤α≤24p_{\alpha},1\leq\alpha\leq 24 of the special fiber, where each pαp_{\alpha} is a solution of the equation

P4​(x0,x1,x2,x3)=0,xi=xj=0,  1≤i<j≤4.P_{4}(x_{0},x_{1},x_{2},x_{3})=0,\,\,x_{i}=x_{j}=0,\,\,1\leq i<j\leq 4\,\,.

The closure 𝒳{\cal X} of XX in 𝐏3~\widetilde{{\bf P}^{3}} is a model with simple normal crossings. The associated Clemens polytope S𝒳S_{\cal X} has 2828 vertices. Four of them correspond to coordinate hyperplanes xi=0x_{i}=0 in 𝐏3{\bf P}^{3}, and 2424 other correspond to divisors sitting at the pre-images of the points pαp_{\alpha}. Therefore S𝒳S_{\cal X} is the union of the boundary ∂Δ3\partial\Delta^{3} of the standard 33-simplex Δ3\Delta^{3} with 2424 copies of the standard 22-simplex Δ2\Delta^{2}. Those 2424 triangles Δα2,1≤α≤24\Delta_{\alpha}^{2},1\leq\alpha\leq 24 are decomposed into six groups of four triangles in each. All triangles from the same group have a common edge, which is identified with an edge of ∂Δ3\partial\Delta^{3} (tetrahedron with 2424 “wings”). As we mentioned in the previous example, there is a continuous map p:Xa​n→S𝒳p:X^{an}\to S_{\cal X}. We are going to construct BB as a retraction of S𝒳S_{\cal X}.

In order to do this we observe that for an edge e⊂Δ2e\subset\Delta^{2} and a point a∈ea\in e one has the canonical retraction pa,e:Δ2→ep_{a,e}:\Delta^{2}\to e. Namely, let us identify the edge ee with the interval [−1,1][-1,1] of the real line, so that aa is identified with the point a=(a0,0)a=(a_{0},0), and Δ2\Delta^{2} is bounded by ee and the segments 0≤y≤1−|x|0\leq y\leq 1-|x|. Then we define pa,ep_{a,e} by the formulas (see Figure 2)

(x,y)↦(x+y,0),x+y≤a0;(x,y)↦(x−y,0),x−y≥a0;(x,y)↦(a0,0), otherwise.\begin{array}[]{llcl}(x,y)&\mapsto&(x+y,0)\,,&x+y\leq a_{0}\,\,;\\ (x,y)&\mapsto&(x-y,0)\,,&x-y\geq a_{0}\,\,;\\ (x,y)&\mapsto&(a_{0},0)\,,&\mbox{ otherwise.}\end{array}

Refer to caption

Figure 2: Triangle contracted to one side. The dashed area maps to point aa.

Now we choose a point qi​j,0≤i<j≤3q_{ij},0\leq i<j\leq 3 in the interior of each edge ei​je_{ij} of ∂Δ3\partial\Delta^{3} (here i,ji,j are identified with the vertices of ∂Δ3\partial\Delta^{3}). There are four “wings” Δα2\Delta_{\alpha}^{2} having ei​je_{ij} as a common edge. Then we retract each Δα2\Delta_{\alpha}^{2} to ei​je_{ij} by the map pqi​j,ei​jp_{q_{ij},e_{ij}}. This gives us a retraction π′=π(qi​j)′:S𝒳→∂Δ3\pi^{\prime}=\pi^{\prime}_{(q_{ij})}:S_{\cal X}\to\partial\Delta^{3}. Let π:=p𝒳∘π(qi​j)′:Xa​n→B\pi:=p_{\cal X}\circ\pi^{\prime}_{(q_{ij})}:X^{an}\to B be the composition of the projection p𝒳:Xa​n→S𝒳p_{\cal X}:X^{an}\to S_{\cal X} with the above retraction. One can show that all points of B:=∂Δ3B:=\partial\Delta^{3} are π\pi-smooth except of the chosen six points qi​j,0≤i<j≤3q_{ij},0\leq i<j\leq 3. According to Theorem 1 we obtain a 𝐙{\bf Z}-affine structure on S2∖∪1≤i<j≤3{qi​j}S^{2}\setminus\cup_{1\leq i<j\leq 3}\{q_{ij}\}. One can show that the local monodromy around each point qi​jq_{ij} is conjugate to the matrix

(1401).\left(\begin{array}[]{cc}1&4\\ 0&1\end{array}\right)\,\,.

We skip the computations here.

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