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8.2 Spectrum of a morphism and the semigroup [03ST]

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8.2 Spectrum of a morphism and the semigroup

Let Ei=F(Li,ρi),i=1,2E_{i}=F(L_{i},\rho_{i}),i=1,2 be locally free π’ͺY{\cal O}_{Y}-modules (i.e. vector bundles) corresponding to objects (Li,ρi)∈FO(X∨),i=1,2(L_{i},\rho_{i})\in FO(X^{\vee}),i=1,2. For any α∈H​o​mπ’žβ‘(Y)​(E1,E2)\alpha\in Hom_{{\cal C}(Y)}(E_{1},E_{2}) and a point y∈Yy\in Y we will define the spectrum of Ξ±\alpha at yy as a certain (at most countable) discrete set of real numbers with finite multiplicities.

Let us assume first that ρi,i=1,2\rho_{i},i=1,2 are trivial rank one local systems on Li,i=1,2L_{i},i=1,2, and Li,i=1,2L_{i},i=1,2 are unramified coverings of YY. For a sufficiently small open set UU containing yy we can write in local coordinates Li=graph(dfi)(mod(TY𝐙)∨),i=1,2L_{i}=graph(df_{i})\,(mod\,(T_{Y}^{{\bf Z}})^{\vee}),i=1,2 for smooth functions fi:Y→𝐑,i=1,2f_{i}:Y\to{{\bf R}},i=1,2. Restriction to a small open set UU of a morphism α∈H​o​mπ’žβ‘(Y)​(E1,E2)​(U)=Ξ©^Yβˆ—β€‹(U)\alpha\in Hom_{{\cal C}(Y)}(E_{1},E_{2})(U)=\widehat{\Omega}_{Y}^{\ast}(U) can be identified with the infinite series Ξ±=βˆ‘i1,…,inci1​…​in​z1i1​…​znin\alpha=\sum_{i_{1},...,i_{n}}c_{i_{1}...i_{n}}z_{1}^{i_{1}}...z_{n}^{i_{n}}, where ci1​…​in=βˆ‘jcj,i1​…​ineβˆ’Ξ»j,i1​…​in/Ξ΅c_{i_{1}...i_{n}}=\sum_{j}c_{j,i_{1}...i_{n}}e^{-\lambda_{j,i_{1}...i_{n}}/\varepsilon} and cj,i1​…​in∈ΩYβˆ—β€‹(U)c_{j,i_{1}...i_{n}}\in{\Omega}_{Y}^{\ast}(U).

We define the spectrum of α\alpha at y∈Uy\in U as the set of real numbers (with multiplicities)

S​py​(Ξ±)={βˆ’Ξ»j,i1​…​in+βˆ‘1≀k≀nik​yk+f1​(y)βˆ’f2​(y)},Sp_{y}(\alpha)=\{-\lambda_{j,i_{1}...i_{n}}+\sum_{1\leq k\leq n}i_{k}y_{k}+f_{1}(y)-f_{2}(y)\}\,,

where the germ of cj,i1​…​inc_{j,i_{1}...i_{n}} at yy is not equal to zero. One can check that S​py​(Ξ±)Sp_{y}(\alpha) is well-defined (i.e. does not depend on the local trivialization), and has the only limiting point at s=βˆ’βˆžs=-\infty.

In the general case of higher rank local systems and Lagrangian manifolds which are unramified coverings of YY, we decompose Ei,i=1,2E_{i},i=1,2 locally near y∈Yy\in Y into the direct sum of trivial rank one π’ͺY{\cal O}_{Y}-modules. The spectrum of a morphism at the point yy is then defined as the union of the spectra of morphisms between corresponding line bundles.

Remark 19

One can use instead of the spectrum an 𝐑{{\bf R}}-filtration
H​o​mπ’žβ‘(Y)​(E1,E2)≀sHom_{{\cal C}(Y)}(E_{1},E_{2})^{\leq s} on the space of morphisms. It comes from the filtration on the stalks of sheaves of morphisms H​o​mΒ―π’ͺY​(E1,E2)β€‹βŠ—^​Ω^Yβˆ—\underline{Hom}_{{\cal O}_{Y}}(E_{1},E_{2})\widehat{\otimes}\widehat{\Omega}_{Y}^{\ast} (completed tensor product) defined by the condition {βˆ’Ξ»j,i1​…​in+βˆ‘1≀k≀nik​yk+f1​(y)βˆ’f2​(y)}≀s\{-\lambda_{j,i_{1}...i_{n}}+\sum_{1\leq k\leq n}i_{k}y_{k}+f_{1}(y)-f_{2}(y)\}\leq s. It is easy to see that Ξ±\alpha belongs to H​o​mπ’žβ‘(Y)​(E1,E2)≀sHom_{{\cal C}(Y)}(E_{1},E_{2})^{\leq s} iff for all y∈Yy\in Y one has Spy(Ξ±)βŠ‚(βˆ’βˆž,s]Sp_{y}(\alpha)\subset(-\infty,s].

Let us consider a subspace H​o​mπ’žβ‘(Y)a​l​g​(E1,E2)βŠ‚H​o​mπ’žβ‘(Y)​(E1,E2)Hom_{{\cal C}(Y)}^{alg}(E_{1},E_{2})\subset Hom_{{\cal C}(Y)}(E_{1},E_{2}) of algebraic morphisms. It consists of finite sums (both in ziz_{i} and eβˆ’Ξ»j,i1​…​in/Ξ΅e^{-\lambda_{j,i_{1}...i_{n}}/\varepsilon}). It is dense in the space of all morphisms (analytic functions can be approximated by Laurent polynomials). Moreover, the space H​o​mπ’žβ‘(Y)​(E1,E2)Hom_{{\cal C}(Y)}(E_{1},E_{2}) coincides with the completion of H​o​mπ’žβ‘(Y)a​l​g​(E1,E2)Hom_{{\cal C}(Y)}^{alg}(E_{1},E_{2}) with respect to the 𝐑{{\bf R}}-filtration introduced above.

There is a 11-parameter semigroup Ο•t,tβ‰₯0\phi^{t},t\geq 0 acting on H​o​mπ’žβ‘(Y)a​l​g​(E1,E2)Hom_{{\cal C}(Y)}^{alg}(E_{1},E_{2}). In local coordinates Ο•t\phi^{t} acts on the coefficients cj,i1​…​inc_{j,i_{1}...i_{n}} by moving them along the gradient flow of f1βˆ’f2f_{1}-f_{2}. In order to define it globally we need to describe the space H​o​mπ’žβ‘(Y)a​l​g​(E1,E2)Hom_{{\cal C}(Y)}^{alg}(E_{1},E_{2}) in geometric terms. It will be done below.

Given two Lagrangian submanifolds LiβŠ‚X∨,i=1,2L_{i}\subset X^{\vee},i=1,2 as above, a point y∈Yy\in Y, two points xi∈Li,i=1,2x_{i}\in L_{i},i=1,2 such that pβˆ¨β€‹(xi)=yp^{\vee}(x_{i})=y, we define a set P⁑(L1,L2,y)P(L_{1},L_{2},y) of homotopy classes of paths γ∈(p∨)βˆ’1​(y)\gamma\in(p^{\vee})^{-1}(y) starting at x1x_{1} and ending at x2x_{2}. Each homotopy class contains a unique geodesic in the flat metric on the torus. We define the space P(L1,L2)=βŠ”y∈YP(L1,L2,y)P(L_{1},L_{2})=\sqcup_{y\in Y}P(L_{1},L_{2},y). It carries an obvious topology such that the natural projection Ο€:P⁑(L1,L2)β†’Y\pi:P(L_{1},L_{2})\to Y is an unramified covering with countable fibers. Using the symplectic form Ο‰\omega on X∨X^{\vee} we define a closed 11-form ΞΌ\mu on P⁑(L1,L2)P(L_{1},L_{2}) by the formula ΞΌ=βˆ«Ξ³Ο‰\mu=\int_{\gamma}\omega. Locally on YY we have: Li=dfi(mod(TY𝐙)∨),i=1,2L_{i}=df_{i}(mod\,(T_{Y}^{{\bf Z}})^{\vee}),i=1,2 where fi:Y→𝐑f_{i}:Y\to{{\bf R}} are smooth functions. Then locally on P⁑(L1,L2)P(L_{1},L_{2}) we have: ΞΌ=d⁑(f1βˆ’f2+l)\mu=d(f_{1}-f_{2}+l), where ll is a local section of the pullback of the sheaf A​f​fYAff_{Y}. Clearly the function ll is defined up the adding of a real constant. Thus obtain an 𝐑{{\bf R}}-torsor on P⁑(L1,L2)P(L_{1},L_{2}). Using the embedding π‘β†’π‚Ξ΅βˆ—{{\bf R}}\to{{\bf C}}_{\varepsilon}^{\ast}, λ↦e​x​p​(Ξ»/Ξ΅)\lambda\mapsto exp(\lambda/\varepsilon) we get a π‚Ξ΅βˆ—{{\bf C}}_{\varepsilon}^{\ast}-torsor, which defines a local system 𝐂Ρt​w{{\bf C}}_{\varepsilon}^{tw} of 11-dimensional 𝐂Ρ{{\bf C}}_{\varepsilon}-modules over P⁑(L1,L2)P(L_{1},L_{2}). Fibers of 𝐂Ρt​w{{\bf C}}_{\varepsilon}^{tw} carry natural filtrations. Indeed, in a neighborhood of a point (x1,x2,Ξ³,y)∈P⁑(L1,L2)(x_{1},x_{2},\gamma,y)\in P(L_{1},L_{2}) we can choose a smooth function f=f1βˆ’f2+lf=f_{1}-f_{2}+l such that ΞΌ=d​f\mu=df. It defines a local trivialization of 𝐂Ρt​w{{\bf C}}_{\varepsilon}^{tw}. In this trivialization the filtration is defined for hβˆˆπ‚Ξ΅h\in{{\bf C}}_{\varepsilon} by the condition v⁑(h)​(y)+f⁑(y)≀s,sβˆˆπ‘v(h)(y)+f(y)\leq s,s\in{{\bf R}}, where vv is the valuation. We define a subsheaf 𝐂Ρt​w,a​l​g{{\bf C}}_{\varepsilon}^{tw,alg} of 𝐂Ρt​w{{\bf C}}_{\varepsilon}^{tw} by the requirement that in a local trivialization it is a subsheaf of finite sums of exponents.

Notice that there are natural projections pri:P(L1,L2)β†’Li,i=1,2pr_{i}:P(L_{1},L_{2})\to L_{i},i=1,2. Having local systems ρi\rho_{i} on Li,i=1,2L_{i},i=1,2 we define local systems ρ^i,i=1,2\widehat{\rho}_{i},i=1,2 on P⁑(L1,L2)P(L_{1},L_{2}) as pullbacks with respect to p​ri,i=1,2pr_{i},i=1,2.

On P⁑(L1,L2)P(L_{1},L_{2}) we define a sheaf H​o​mΒ―a​l​g​(E1,E2)\underline{Hom}^{alg}(E_{1},E_{2}) (Ei,i=1,2E_{i},i=1,2 were defined previously) such as follows: H​o​mΒ―a​l​g​(E1,E2)=𝐂Ρt​w,a​l​gβŠ—(ρ^1)βˆ—βŠ—Ο^2βŠ—Ξ©Β―P⁑(L1,L2)βˆ—\underline{Hom}^{alg}(E_{1},E_{2})={{\bf C}}_{\varepsilon}^{tw,alg}\otimes(\widehat{\rho}_{1})^{\ast}\otimes\widehat{\rho}_{2}\otimes\underline{\Omega}_{P(L_{1},L_{2})}^{\ast}, where Ω¯P⁑(L1,L2)βˆ—\underline{\Omega}_{P(L_{1},L_{2})}^{\ast} is the sheaf of differential forms. We endow stalks of H​o​mΒ―a​l​g​(E1,E2)\underline{Hom}^{alg}(E_{1},E_{2}) with 𝐑{{\bf R}}-filtrations induced by the filtration on 𝐂Ρt​w{{\bf C}}_{\varepsilon}^{tw} and trivial filtrations on the other tensor factors.

Let Ο€!\pi_{!} denotes the functor of direct image with compact support. Then Ο€!(H​o​mΒ―a​l​g(E1,E2))=Ο€!(𝐂Ρt​wβŠ—Ο^1βˆ—βŠ—Ο^2)βŠ—Ξ©Β―Yβˆ—\pi_{!}(\underline{Hom}^{alg}(E_{1},E_{2}))=\pi_{!}({{\bf C}}_{\varepsilon}^{tw}\otimes\widehat{\rho}_{1}^{\ast}\otimes\widehat{\rho}_{2})\otimes\underline{\Omega}_{Y}^{\ast}, where the last tensor factor is the sheaf of de Rham differential forms on YY.

We can identify 𝐙n{{\bf Z}}^{n} with H1​(Tn,𝐙)H_{1}(T^{n},{{\bf Z}}), and the latter group naturally acts on homotopy classes of paths Ξ³\gamma. On the other hand, the group ring of 𝐙n{{\bf Z}}^{n} over 𝐂Ρ{{\bf C}}_{\varepsilon} can be identified with the ring of Laurent polynomials 𝐂Ρ​[z1Β±1,…,znΒ±1]{{\bf C}}_{\varepsilon}[z_{1}^{\pm 1},...,z_{n}^{\pm 1}]. Let 𝐂Ρa​l​gβŠ‚π‚Ξ΅{{\bf C}}_{\varepsilon}^{alg}\subset{{\bf C}}_{\varepsilon} be the subring of finite sums of exponents. It is easy to see that the structure of 𝐂Ρa​l​g​[𝐙n]{{\bf C}}_{\varepsilon}^{alg}[{{\bf Z}}^{n}]-module on the sections of H​o​mΒ―a​l​g​(E1,E2)\underline{Hom}^{alg}(E_{1},E_{2}) corresponds to the structure of 𝐂Ρa​l​g​[z1Β±1,…,znΒ±1]{{\bf C}}_{\varepsilon}^{alg}[z_{1}^{\pm 1},...,z_{n}^{\pm 1}]-module on its image under Ο€!\pi_{!}. Using this observation one can prove that

Homπ’žβ‘(Y)a​l​g(E1,E2)≃Γ(Y,Ο€!(H​o​mΒ―a​l​g(E1,E2)))=Ξ“c(P(L1,L2),H​o​mΒ―a​l​g(E1,E2)),Hom_{{\cal C}(Y)}^{alg}(E_{1},E_{2})\simeq\Gamma(Y,\pi_{!}(\underline{Hom}^{alg}(E_{1},E_{2})))=\Gamma_{c}(P(L_{1},L_{2}),\underline{Hom}^{alg}(E_{1},E_{2})),

where the isomorphism is induced by the natural morphism of sheaves

Ο€!(H​o​mΒ―a​l​g(E1,E2))β†’H​o​mΒ―π’žβ‘(Y)a​l​g(E1,E2).\pi_{!}(\underline{Hom}^{alg}(E_{1},E_{2}))\to\underline{Hom}_{{\cal C}(Y)}^{alg}(E_{1},E_{2})\,.

Here Ξ“c\Gamma_{c} refers to the functor of sections with compact support.

Using the metric on YY we assign to the 11-form ΞΌ\mu a vector field ΞΎ\xi on P⁑(L1,L2)P(L_{1},L_{2}). Locally ΞΎ\xi is the generator of the gradient flow of f1βˆ’f2+lf_{1}-f_{2}+l. It is not difficult to show that there is no trajectory of the flow which goes to infinity for a finite time. Therefore the vector field ΞΎ\xi generates a 11-parameter semigroup ψt\psi^{t} acting on P⁑(L1,L2)P(L_{1},L_{2}). The following result is easy to prove.

Proposition 9

The 11-parameter semigroup ψt\psi^{t} decreases the filtration on stalks of points which do not belong to L1∩L2L_{1}\cap L_{2}. More precisely,

ψt​(H​o​mΒ―pa​l​g​(E1,E2)s)βŠ‚H​o​m¯ψt​(p)a​l​g​(E1,E2)sβˆ’βˆ«0tΞΌ,\psi^{t}(\underline{Hom}_{p}^{alg}(E_{1},E_{2})^{s})\subset\underline{Hom}_{\psi^{t}(p)}^{alg}(E_{1},E_{2})^{s-\int_{0}^{t}\mu},

where p∈P⁑(L1,L2)p\in P(L_{1},L_{2}) is an arbitrary point.

Functor Ο€!\pi_{!} is compatible with the filtrations on the stalks of sheaves H​o​mΒ―π’žβ‘(Y)a​l​g​(E1,E2)\underline{Hom}_{{\cal C}(Y)}^{alg}(E_{1},E_{2}) and H​o​mΒ―a​l​g​(E1,E2)\underline{Hom}^{alg}(E_{1},E_{2}). It is easy to see that the completion of stalks of the former with respect to the filtration induced from the one on H​o​mΒ―a​l​g​(E1,E2)\underline{Hom}^{alg}(E_{1},E_{2}) coincides with H​o​mπ’žβ‘(Y)​(E1,E2)Hom_{{\cal C}(Y)}(E_{1},E_{2}). Since the semigroup ψt\psi^{t} decreases the filtration, the semigroup Ο•t\phi^{t} extends continuously to the completion with respect to the filtration. Thus the following proposition holds.

Proposition 10

The action of Ο•t\phi^{t} extends continuously
from H​o​mπ’žβ‘(Y)a​l​g​(E1,E2)Hom_{{\cal C}(Y)}^{alg}(E_{1},E_{2}) to H​o​mπ’žβ‘(Y)​(E1,E2)Hom_{{\cal C}(Y)}(E_{1},E_{2}).

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