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5.2 Fukaya-Oh category for torus fibration [03RT]

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5.2 Fukaya-Oh category for torus fibration

Let (Y,gY,βˆ‡)(Y,g_{Y},\nabla) be an AK-manifold with integral affine structure. The covariant lattice is denoted by TY𝐙T_{Y}^{{\bf Z}}, as before. From now on we will assume that YY is compact. This is a severe restriction. It was proven in [CY] that in this case a finite cover of space YY is a torus with the standard affine structure. It appears in the collapse of complex abelian varieties.

The manifold X∨=TYβˆ—/(TY𝐙)∨X^{\vee}=T_{Y}^{\ast}/(T_{Y}^{{\bf Z}})^{\vee} is the total space of the torus bundle p∨:Xβˆ¨β†’Yp^{\vee}:X^{\vee}\to Y. It carries a natural symplectic form Ο‰=Ο‰X∨\omega=\omega_{X^{\vee}} induced from the standard one on Tβˆ—β€‹YT^{\ast}Y. We endow X∨X^{\vee} with a 1-parameter family of complex structures JΞ·,Ξ·β†’0J_{\eta},\eta\to 0 compatible with Ο‰\omega. Indeed, the manifold Xη∨:=TYβˆ—/η​(TY𝐙)∨X_{\eta}^{\vee}:=T_{Y}^{\ast}/\eta(T_{Y}^{{\bf Z}})^{\vee} carries a canonical complex structure described before. We identify X∨X^{\vee} and Xη∨X_{\eta}^{\vee} by the map (y,v)↦(y,η​v)(y,v)\mapsto(y,\eta v), where y∈Y,v∈TY,yβˆ—y\in Y,v\in T^{\ast}_{Y,y}. Using this identification, we pull back to X∨X^{\vee} the complex structure and the metric. The fibers of p∨:Xβˆ¨β†’Yp^{\vee}:X^{\vee}\to Y are flat Lagrangian tori for all values of Ξ·\eta.

We define on (X∨,JΞ·)(X^{\vee},J_{\eta}) a nowhere vanishing (n,0)(n,0)-form Ωη\Omega_{\eta} such as follows. Let us fix an oriented orthonormal basis e1,…,ene_{1},...,e_{n} in TY,yβˆ—,y∈YT_{Y,y}^{\ast},y\in Y. We define Ωη\Omega_{\eta} as the nn-form on X∨X^{\vee}, which is invariant with respect to the TY,yβˆ—/(TY,y𝐙)∨T_{Y,y}^{\ast}/(T_{Y,y}^{{\bf Z}})^{\vee}-action, and is equal to β‹€1≀j≀n((p∨)βˆ—β€‹ej+βˆ’1​Jη​(p∨)βˆ—β€‹ej)\bigwedge_{1\leq j\leq n}((p^{\vee})^{\ast}e_{j}+\sqrt{-1}J_{\eta}(p^{\vee})^{\ast}e_{j}).

Let LL be a compact oriented Lagrangian submanifold of X∨X^{\vee} such that p∨|Lp^{\vee}_{|L} is an unramified covering, and the orientation of LL is induced from the orientation of YY. We claim that there is a canonical choice A​r​g~Lc​a​n:L→𝐑\widetilde{Arg}_{L}^{can}:L\to{{\bf R}} for the function A​r​g~L:L→𝐑\widetilde{Arg}_{L}:L\to{{\bf R}}. Indeed, for any point x∈X∨x\in X^{\vee} the space of Lagrangian subspaces in TX∨,xT_{X^{\vee},x}, which are transversal to the vertical tangent space Txv​e​r​t=K​e​r​(p∨)βˆ—T_{x}^{vert}=Ker(p^{\vee})_{\ast} is contractible. Let us consider the space β„’{\cal L} of pairs (x,l)(x,l) such that x∈X∨x\in X^{\vee} and lβŠ‚TX∨,xl\subset T_{X^{\vee},x} is a Lagrangian subspace, which is transversal to Txv​e​r​tT_{x}^{vert}, and endowed with the orientation induced from YY. Then the function (x,l)↦Arg(Ωη)|l(x)βˆˆπ‘/2π𝐙(x,l)\mapsto Arg_{(\Omega_{\eta})_{|l}}(x)\in{{\bf R}}/2\pi{{\bf Z}} admits a unique continuous lifting A​r​g~:ℒ→𝐑\widetilde{Arg}:{\cal L}\to{{\bf R}}, vanishing at (x,Jη​(Txv​e​r​t)),x∈X∨(x,J_{\eta}(T_{x}^{vert})),x\in X^{\vee}. Restricting this function to LL we obtain A​r​g~Lc​a​n\widetilde{Arg}_{L}^{can}.

We will denote by Fη​(X∨)F^{\eta}(X^{\vee}) the Fukaya category F⁑(X∨,Ο‰,JΞ·,Ωη)F(X^{\vee},\omega,J_{\eta},\Omega_{\eta}), and by Fu​n​r​a​mη​(X∨)F_{unram}^{\eta}(X^{\vee}) its full A∞A_{\infty}-pre-subcategory with objects (L,ρ,A​r​g~Lc​a​n)(L,\rho,\widetilde{Arg}_{L}^{can}) such that LL is a compact Lagrangian submanifold with the orientation induced from YY, p∨|Lp^{\vee}_{|L} is an unramified covering, and A​r​g~Lc​a​n\widetilde{Arg}_{L}^{can} was described above. To simplify the notations we will denote objects of these categories by (L,ρ)(L,\rho).

Remark 12

One can check that for transversal Lagrangian submanifolds L1L_{1} and L2L_{2} as above, the Maslov index at any x∈L1∩L2x\in L_{1}\cap L_{2} is equal to the Morse index at pβˆ¨β€‹(x)p^{\vee}(x) of the smooth Morse function f1βˆ’f2:Y→𝐑f_{1}-f_{2}:Y\to{{\bf R}} such that locally near xx one has Li=graph(dfi)(mod(TY𝐙)∨),i=1,2L_{i}=graph\,(df_{i})\,(mod(T_{Y}^{{\bf Z}})^{\vee}),i=1,2.

It follows from the results of [FuO] that there exists a limit of the family of A∞A_{\infty}-pre-categories Fu​n​r​a​mη​(X∨)F_{unram}^{\eta}(X^{\vee}), Ξ·β†’0\eta\to 0 in the following sense. Objects and morphisms of Fu​n​r​a​mη​(X∨)F_{unram}^{\eta}(X^{\vee}) do not depend on Ξ·\eta and remain the same in the limit. The compositions mkFu​n​r​a​mη​(X∨)m_{k}^{F_{unram}^{\eta}(X^{\vee})} have limits as Ξ·β†’0\eta\to 0 in the adic topology of 𝐂Ρ{{\bf C}}_{\varepsilon}. They will be explicitly described below.

The following result can be derived from [FuO].

Proposition 3

The limiting A∞A_{\infty}-pre-category is equivalent to Fu​n​r​a​mη​(X∨)F_{unram}^{\eta}(X^{\vee}) for all sufficiently small Ξ·\eta.

We will denote this A∞A_{\infty}-pre-category by F​O​(X∨)FO(X^{\vee}) and call it the Fukaya-Oh category of X∨X^{\vee} (or degenerate Fukaya category of X∨X^{\vee}).

Remark 13

In what follows we will assume that d​i​m​Y>1dim\,Y>1. The case d​i​m​Y=1dim\,Y=1 is somewhat different, but also it is much more simple (see for example [P1]). In particular, Fu​n​r​a​mη​(X∨)F_{unram}^{\eta}(X^{\vee}) does not depend on Ξ·\eta in this case.

As we said before, the objects and morphisms for F​O​(X∨)FO(X^{\vee}) are the same as for Fu​n​r​a​mη​(X∨)F_{unram}^{\eta}(X^{\vee}). In order to define the composition map

mk:βŠ—0≀i≀kβˆ’1Hom((Li,ρi),(Li+1,ρi+1))β†’Hom((L0,ρ0),(Lk,ρk))[2βˆ’k]m_{k}:\otimes_{0\leq i\leq k-1}Hom((L_{i},\rho_{i}),(L_{i+1},\rho_{i+1}))\to Hom((L_{0},\rho_{0}),(L_{k},\rho_{k}))[2-k]

one uses the standard formulas, but the sum runs over certain two-dimensional surfaces in X∨X^{\vee} described below. For a sequence ((L0,ρ0),…,(Lk,ρk)),kβ‰₯1((L_{0},\rho_{0}),...,(L_{k},\rho_{k})),k\geq 1 of objects in F​O​(X∨)FO(X^{\vee}) we consider immersed two-dimensional surfaces Sβ†’X∨S\to X^{\vee} such that:

a) Boundary of SS belongs to L0βˆͺ…βˆͺLkL_{0}\cup...\cup L_{k}.

b) S=(βˆͺΞ±TΞ±)βˆͺ(βˆͺΞ²SΞ²)S=(\cup_{\alpha}T_{\alpha})\cup(\cup_{\beta}S_{\beta}) where and TΞ±T_{\alpha} are geodesic triangles in fibers of p∨p^{\vee}, hence they are projected to points in YY.

c) Each SΞ²S_{\beta} is a union of 1-parameter families of geodesic intervals contained in fibers of p∨p^{\vee} (i.e. a β€œstrip”). Moreover, p∨|SΞ²:SΞ²β†’Yp^{\vee}_{|S_{\beta}}:S_{\beta}\to Y is a fibration over a connected interval IΞ²:=pβˆ¨β€‹(SΞ²)I_{\beta}:=p^{\vee}(S_{\beta}) immersed in YY. Fibers of SΞ²S_{\beta} over the interior points of IΞ²I_{\beta} are geodesic intervals of strictly positive length. Fibers of SΞ²S_{\beta} over the boundary points of IΞ²I_{\beta} are either edges of triangles TΞ±T_{\alpha} or intersection points xi∈Li∩Li+1,0≀i≀kβˆ’1,xk∈L0∩Lkx_{i}\in L_{i}\cap L_{i+1},0\leq i\leq k-1,\,x_{k}\in L_{0}\cap L_{k}.

d) Intervals IΞ²I_{\beta} are edges of an immersed planar trivalent tree Ξ“βŠ‚Y\Gamma\subset Y. Points pβˆ¨β€‹(TΞ±)p^{\vee}(T_{\alpha}) are internal vertices of Ξ“\Gamma. Tail vertices of Ξ“\Gamma are projections of the intersection points x0,…,xkx_{0},\dots,x_{k}.

e) Let r:TYβˆ—β†’X∨r:T^{\ast}_{Y}\to X^{\vee} be the natural fiberwise universal covering. If the Lagrangian manifolds rβˆ’1​(Li),i=0,…,kr^{-1}(L_{i}),i=0,...,k are locally given by differentials of smooth functions fi,i=0,…,kf_{i},i=0,...,k on YY, then the edges of Ξ“\Gamma must be gradient lines of fiβˆ’fjf_{i}-f_{j}. Intersection points of rβˆ’1​(Li)r^{-1}(L_{i}) and rβˆ’1​(Lj)r^{-1}(L_{j}) correspond to critical points of fiβˆ’fjf_{i}-f_{j}.

We depict a typical surface below:

[Uncaptioned image]

The projection of surface SS to YY is a gradient tree, with tail vertices being critical points of fiβˆ’fi+1f_{i}-f_{i+1} or of f0βˆ’fkf_{0}-f_{k}, and edges pβˆ¨β€‹(SΞ²)p^{\vee}(S_{\beta}) being the gradient lines of functions fiβˆ’fjf_{i}-f_{j}, where i=i⁑(Ξ²),j=j⁑(Ξ²),i<ji=i(\beta),j=j(\beta),i<j. The triangles are mapped into the internal vertices of the tree. Here is the picture of Ξ“=pβˆ¨β€‹(S)\Gamma=p^{\vee}(S) for surface SS as above:

[Uncaptioned image]

Compositions mk=mkF​O​(X∨,Ο‰)m_{k}=m_{k}^{FO(X^{\vee},\omega)} are given by the standard formulas, but now we are counting surfaces SS described in a)-d). The weight q⟨[S],[Ο‰]⟩q^{\langle[S],[\omega]\rangle} can be written as exp(βˆ’1Ξ΅βˆ‘Ξ²varpβˆ¨β€‹(SΞ²)fΞ²)exp(-{1\over{\varepsilon}}\sum_{\beta}var_{p^{\vee}(S_{\beta})}f_{\beta}), where fΞ²=fi⁑(Ξ²)βˆ’fj⁑(Ξ²)f_{\beta}=f_{i(\beta)}-f_{j(\beta)}, and var is the (positive) variation of the function along the gradient line.

The transversality condition for a sequence of objects of Fukaya-Oh category can be formulated similarly to the case of Fukaya category.

The reader can compare our considerations with those from [FuO]. The fibers of p∨p^{\vee} are β€œsmall” tori (of the size OPENO⁑(Ξ·))O(\eta)). The base YY is β€œlarge” (of the size of O⁑(1)O(1)). Hence, the Lagrangian manifolds are close to the zero section of p∨p^{\vee}. This is similar to the situation considered in [FuO]. Indeed, in [FuO] the authors study the A∞A_{\infty}-subcategory of F⁑(TYβˆ—)F(T^{\ast}_{Y}) (where YY is an arbitrary smooth compact manifold), with the objects (L,ρ)(L,\rho) such that L=η​g​r​a​p​h​(d​f)L=\eta\,graph(df), f:Y→𝐑f:Y\to{{\bf R}} is a smooth function. In other words, they considered Lagrangian sections of the natural projection TYβˆ—β†’YT^{\ast}_{Y}\to Y, which are close to the zero section. When Ξ·β†’0\eta\to 0, pseudo-holomorphic discs get β€œstretched” along the fibers of p∨p^{\vee}. Thus they look like the surfaces SS described above. Then the higher compositions of the Fukaya category β€œapproach” the compositions mkF​O​(X∨,Ο‰)m_{k}^{FO(X^{\vee},\omega)}. This was proved in [FuO] in the case when X∨X^{\vee} was replaced by TYβˆ—T^{\ast}_{Y}. Considerations from [FuO] apply in our case as well.

Remark 14

One can extend the Fukaya-Oh category considering Lagrangian submanifolds in X∨X^{\vee} which are not necessarily unramified coverings of YY. For example, one can try to add to F​O​(X∨)FO(X^{\vee}) new objects which are local systems on Lagrangian tori which are fibers of the projection p∨:Xβˆ¨β†’Yp^{\vee}:X^{\vee}\to Y. It seems that with these objects one can go much further than with transversal ones. For example, in the general case of torus fibrations with singular fibers, one can argue that for almost any y∈Yy\in Y there is no limiting holomorphic discs with the boundary in the torus (p∨)βˆ’1​(y)(p^{\vee})^{-1}(y) . The set of such points yy is the complement to a countable union ZZ of hypersurfaces in YY (this follows from the fact that d​i​m​(Ys​i​n​g)=d​i​m​(Y)βˆ’2dim(Y^{sing})=dim(Y)-2). Thus, we get a large collection of honest objects without the parasitic composition m0m_{0}. The total picture seems to be quite intricate, as examples show that the subset ZZ is everywhere dense. Presumably, it is related with some mysterious non-abelian 11-cocycle which we will discuss later in the remark in section 7.1.

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