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5.1 Fukaya category [03RM]

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5.1 Fukaya category

Fukaya category (of a compact symplectic manifold) in the approach presented here will be in fact an A∞A_{\infty}-pre-category. Our definition is not given in the maximal generality, but it will be sufficient for the main application to abelian varieties. For more elaborated definitions see [Fu1], [Ko].

Let (V,ω)(V,\omega) be a compact symplectic manifold of dimension 2​n2n, such that c1​(TV)=0∈H2​(V,𝐙)c_{1}(T_{V})=0\in H^{2}(V,{{\bf Z}}). The Fukaya category (with the trivial BB-field) associated with (V,ω)(V,\omega) depends on some additional data, which we are going to describe below.

We fix an almost complex structure JJ compatible with ω\omega and a smooth everywhere non-vanishing differential form Ω\Omega, which is (n,0)(n,0)-form with respect to JJ. Let LL be an oriented Lagrangian submanifold. Then one has a map ArgL:=ArgΩ|L:L→𝐑/2π𝐙Arg_{L}:=Arg_{\Omega_{|L}}:L\to{{\bf R}}/2\pi{{\bf Z}}, where ArgΩ|L(x)Arg_{\Omega_{|L}}(x) is the argument of the non-zero complex number Ω⁡(e1∧…∧en)\Omega(e_{1}\wedge...\wedge e_{n}), and e1,…,ene_{1},...,e_{n} is an oriented basis of Tx​L,x∈LT_{x}L,x\in L.

Definition 16

Objects of the Fukaya category F⁡(V,ω,J,Ω)F(V,\omega,J,\Omega) are triples
(L,ρ,A​r​g~L)(L,\rho,\widetilde{Arg}_{L}), where LL is a compact oriented Lagrangian submanifold of VV (called the support of the object), ρ\rho is a local system on LL (i.e. a complex vector bundle with flat connection), and A​r​g~L:L→𝐑\widetilde{Arg}_{L}:L\to{{\bf R}} a continuous lift of A​r​gLArg_{L}.

We require that for any element β∈π2f​r​e​e​(V,L):=π0​(M​a​p​s​((D2,∂D2),(V,L))𝐶𝐿𝑂𝑆𝐸\beta\in\pi_{2}^{free}(V,L):=\pi_{0}(Maps((D^{2},\partial D^{2}),(V,L)), the pairing ([ω],β)([\omega],\beta) is equal to zero.

We will sometimes denote the Fukaya category by F⁡(V,ω)F(V,\omega), or simply by F⁡(V)F(V). We will also often omit from the notation the lifted argument function, thus denoting an object simply by (L,ρ)(L,\rho).

Let 𝐂ε{{\bf C}}_{\varepsilon} be the field consisting of formal series f=∑i≥0cie−λi/εf=\sum_{i\geq 0}c_{i}e^{-\lambda_{i}/\varepsilon}, such that ci∈𝐂,λi∈𝐑,λ0<λ1<…,λi→+∞c_{i}\in{{\bf C}},\lambda_{i}\in{{\bf R}},\lambda_{0}<\lambda_{1}<...,\lambda_{i}\to+\infty. In the case when [ω]∈H2​(V,𝐙)[\omega]\in H^{2}(V,{{\bf Z}}), one can in fact work over the field 𝐂⁡((q)){{\bf C}}((q)), where q=e​x​p​(−1ε)q=exp(-{1\over{\varepsilon}}). In general we equip 𝐂ε{{\bf C}}_{\varepsilon} with the adic topology: a fundamental system of neighborhoods of zero consists of sets Ux={f=∑i≥0cie−λi/ε|λi≥x,i≥0},x∈𝐑U_{x}=\{f=\sum_{i\geq 0}c_{i}e^{-\lambda_{i}/\varepsilon}|\lambda_{i}\geq x,i\geq 0\},x\in{{\bf R}}.

Definition 17

For two objects with transversal supports we define the space of morphisms such as follows

HomF⁡(V,ω)((L1,ρ1,A​r​g~1),(L2,ρ2,A​r​g~2)):=(⊕x∈L1∩L2Hom(ρ1​x,ρ2​x))⊗𝐂ε.Hom_{F(V,\omega)}((L_{1},\rho_{1},\widetilde{Arg}_{1}),(L_{2},\rho_{2},\widetilde{Arg}_{2})):=(\oplus_{x\in L_{1}\cap L_{2}}Hom(\rho_{1x},\rho_{2x}))\otimes{{\bf C}}_{\varepsilon}.

Thus morphisms form a finite-dimensional vector space over the field 𝐂ε{{\bf C}}_{\varepsilon}. There is a 𝐙{\bf Z}-grading of the space of morphisms given in terms of Maslov index d​e​g:L1∩L2→𝐙deg:L_{1}\cap L_{2}\to{{\bf Z}} (see [Fu2], [Ko], [Se]).

Remark 11

The condition ([ω],β)=0([\omega],\beta)=0 is introduced for convenience only. It helps to avoid the problem with the composition m0m_{0} we mentioned before. The condition holds in the case when VV is a torus with the constant symplectic form, and LL is a Lagrangian subtorus. This is our main application in present paper. In general there is a way to work with non-trivial m0m_{0}, if it is small in the adic topology.

Now we are going to describe the A∞A_{\infty}-structure. It is defined by means of a collection of maps (higher compositions) of graded vector spaces mkF⁡(V):⊗0≤i≤k−1HomF⁡(V)((Li,ρi),(Li+1,ρi+1))→HomF⁡(V)((L0,ρ0),(Lk,ρk))[2−k]m_{k}^{F(V)}:\otimes_{0\leq i\leq k-1}Hom_{F(V)}((L_{i},\rho_{i}),(L_{i+1},\rho_{i+1}))\to Hom_{F(V)}((L_{0},\rho_{0}),(L_{k},\rho_{k}))[2-k], where k≥1k\geq 1 and the sequence (L0,…,Lk)(L_{0},...,L_{k}) corresponds to a transversal sequence of objects (the latter notion will be defined below).

In the case, when all local systems are trivial of rank one, the map mkm_{k} is defined such as follows. Let DD be a standard disc D={z∈𝐂||z|≤1}D=\{z\in{{\bf C}}|\,|z|\leq 1\}. Let us fix a sequence (L0,…,Lk)(L_{0},...,L_{k}) of supports of objects with pairwise transversal intersections, intersection points xi∈Li∩Li+1,0≤i≤k−1x_{i}\in L_{i}\cap L_{i+1},0\leq i\leq k-1, xk∈L0∩Lkx_{k}\in L_{0}\cap L_{k}, and β∈π2f​r​e​e(V,∪0≤i≤kLi)\beta\in\pi_{2}^{free}(V,\cup_{0\leq i\leq k}L_{i}). We denote by ℳ⁡(L0,…,Lk,x0,…,xk,β){\cal M}(L_{0},...,L_{k};x_{0},...,x_{k};\beta) the set of collections (y0,…,yk,ψ)(y_{0},...,y_{k};\psi), where yi,0≤i≤ky_{i},0\leq i\leq k are cyclically ordered pairwise distinct points on the boundary ∂D\partial D, and ψ:D→(V,J)\psi:D\to(V,J) a pseudo-holomorphic map such that ψ⁡(yi)=xi,ψ⁡(yi​yi+1¯)⊂Li,0≤i≤k,y0=yk\psi(y_{i})=x_{i},\psi(\overline{y_{i}y_{i+1}})\subset L_{i},0\leq i\leq k,y_{0}=y_{k}, [ϕ]=β[\phi]=\beta. Here yi​yi+1¯\overline{y_{i}y_{i+1}} denotes the arc between yiy_{i} and yi+1y_{i+1}. There is a natural action of P​S​L​(2,𝐑)PSL(2,{{\bf R}}) on ℳ⁡(L0,…,Lk,x0,…,xk,β){\cal M}(L_{0},...,L_{k};x_{0},...,x_{k};\beta) arising from the holomorphic action on DD by fractional linear transformations. The action is free except of the case k=1,x0=x1,β=0k=1,x_{0}=x_{1},\beta=0, which is not relevant for our purposes.

Let xi∈Li∩Li+1,0≤i≤k−1,xk∈L0∩Lkx_{i}\in L_{i}\cap L_{i+1},0\leq i\leq k-1,x_{k}\in L_{0}\cap L_{k} satisfy the condition d​e​g​xk=∑0≤i≤k−1d​e​g​xi+2−kdeg\,x_{k}=\sum_{0\leq i\leq k-1}deg\,x_{i}+2-k. Then the matrix element (mk​(x0,x1,…,xk−1),xk)(m_{k}(x_{0},x_{1},...,x_{k-1}),x_{k}) is given by the formula (mk(x0,x1,…,xk−1),xk)=∑±q(β,[ω])(m_{k}(x_{0},x_{1},...,x_{k-1}),x_{k})=\sum\pm q^{({\beta},[\omega])}, where sum is taken over all P​S​L​(2,𝐑)PSL(2,{{\bf R}})-orbits of points in ℳ⁡(L0,…,Lk,x0,…,xk,β){\cal M}(L_{0},...,L_{k};x_{0},...,x_{k};\beta). Signs are derived from orientations of certain cycles in the moduli space ℳ=ℳ⁡(L0,…,Lk,x0,…,xk,β)/P​S​L​(2,𝐑){\cal M}={\cal M}(L_{0},...,L_{k};x_{0},...,x_{k};\beta)/PSL(2,{{\bf R}}). We will comment on them below (see [Fu1], [Ko] for more details). In the case of non-trivial local systems there is an additional factor for each summand. It corresponds to the holonomies of local system along the arcs.

Now we will describe the transversality condition. Assume that we are given a sequence of objects (Li,ρi),0≤i≤k(L_{i},\rho_{i}),0\leq i\leq k of the Fukaya category. We say that they are transversal if the following conditions hold:

1) There are only pairwise intersections Li∩LjL_{i}\cap L_{j}, and they are transversal.

2) For any subsequence (Li0,…,Lim),m≥1,i0<i1<…<im(L_{i_{0}},...,L_{i_{m}}),\,m\geq 1,\,i_{0}<i_{1}<...<i_{m}, any choice of intersection points xim∈Li0∩Limx_{i_{m}}\in L_{i_{0}}\cap L_{i_{m}}, xip∈Lip∩Lip+1,0≤p≤m−1x_{i_{p}}\in L_{i_{p}}\cap L_{i_{p+1}},0\leq p\leq m-1 such that d​e​g​xim−(∑0≤i≤m−1d​e​g​xip+2−m)=0deg\,x_{i_{m}}-(\sum_{0\leq i\leq m-1}deg\,x_{i_{p}}+2-m)=0, and any β∈π2f​r​e​e(V,∪0≤p≤mLip)\beta\in\pi_{2}^{free}(V,\cup_{0\leq p\leq m}L_{i_{p}}), the corresponding component of the moduli space
ℳ⁡(Li0,…,Lim,xi0,…,xim,β)/P​S​L​(2,𝐑){\cal M}(L_{i_{0}},...,L_{i_{m}};x_{i_{0}},...,x_{i_{m}};\beta)/PSL(2,{{\bf R}}) contains only smooth points, and is zero-dimensional.

3) If d​e​g​xim−(∑0≤i≤m−1d​e​g​xip+2−m)<0deg\,x_{i_{m}}-(\sum_{0\leq i\leq m-1}deg\,x_{i_{p}}+2-m)<0 then the corresponding component is empty.

Let us comment on these conditions. The first one is needed to define morphisms. The quotient set ℳ=ℳ⁡(Li0,…,Lim,xi0,…,xim,β)/P​S​L​(2,𝐑){\cal M}={\cal M}(L_{i_{0}},...,L_{i_{m}};x_{i_{0}},...,x_{i_{m}};\beta)/PSL(2,{{\bf R}}) which appears in the second condition locally can be identified with the space of solutions of a non-linear elliptic problem. For the linearized problem the corresponding Fredholm operator has index d​e​g​xim−(∑0≤i≤m−1d​e​g​xip+2−m)deg\,x_{i_{m}}-(\sum_{0\leq i\leq m-1}deg\,x_{i_{p}}+2-m). We define smooth points ℳs​m{\cal M}^{sm} of ℳ{\cal M} as such points where the cokernel of the Fredholm operator is trivial. Then ℳs​m{\cal M}^{sm} is a smooth manifold of the dimension equal to the index. Moreover, one checks that the spaces ℳs​m{\cal M}^{sm} carry natural orientations given by the determinants of the corresponding Fredholm operators. It follows that in the zero-dimensional case what we get is a set of points with multiplicities ±1\pm 1 (in particular, the multiplicities are integer numbers). Multiple covers and stable maps which appear in the definition of Gromov-Witten invariants and produce non-trivial denominators, do not appear in our framework for the Fukaya category. Therefore one can define the Fukaya category over the ring 𝐙ε{{\bf Z}}_{\varepsilon} (the integral version of 𝐂ε{{\bf C}}_{\varepsilon}). The number of points counted with signs gives a tensor coefficient of mkm_{k}.

Composition maps satisfy a system of quadratic equations, thus making F⁡(V,ω)F(V,\omega) into a non-unital A∞A_{\infty}-pre-category. One can check that it is in fact an A∞A_{\infty}-pre-category. Proof of the extension property is based on the following result of Fukaya (see [Fu2], [Se]).

Proposition 2

Let (Lt,ρt)(L_{t},\rho_{t}) be an object obtained by a small Hamiltonian deformation of an object (L,ρ)(L,\rho) of F⁡(V)F(V). Then (Lt,ρt)(L_{t},\rho_{t}) and (L,ρ)(L,\rho) are quasi-isomorphic.

For example, a sequence consisting of one object (L,ρ)(L,\rho) can be extended to a transversal sequence ((Lt1,ρt1),(L,ρ))((L_{t_{1}},\rho_{t_{1}}),(L,\rho)). Similarly, one can extend any finite set of transversal sequences.

It is easy to see that the set of connected components of the space of pairs (J,Ω)(J,\Omega) (equipped with the natural topology) is a principal homogeneous space over the lattice H1​(V,𝐙)H^{1}(V,{{\bf Z}}). Namely, f:V→U⁡(1)f:V\to U(1) acts on (J,Ω)(J,\Omega) such as follows: (J,Ω)↦(J,f​Ω)(J,\Omega)\mapsto(J,f\Omega). The following theorem can be derived from [Fu2].

Theorem 1

There exists a set Σ\Sigma of the second category (in the sense of Baire) in the space of almost complex structures compatible with ω\omega such that Fukaya categories F⁡(V,ω,J1,Ω1)F(V,\omega,J_{1},\Omega_{1}) and F⁡(V,ω,J2,Ω2)F(V,\omega,J_{2},\Omega_{2}) are equivalent as long as J1,J2∈ΣJ_{1},J_{2}\in\Sigma, and (J1,Ω1)(J_{1},\Omega_{1}) is homotopic to (J2,Ω2)(J_{2},\Omega_{2}).

Therefore the equivalence class of the Fukaya category depends on the connected component of the space of pairs.

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