8 Homological mirror conjecture [03SR]
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8 Homological mirror conjecture
In the previous section we constructed an -category which is -equivalent to the derived category of coherent sheaves on a Calabi-Yau manifold over the field . In this section we are going to construct a chain of -pre-categories and -equivalences (as in the Morse case)
and a functor which establishes an equivalence between and a full subcategory of . Recall that the Fukaya-Oh category , as defined in this paper, is also equivalent to a full subcategory of the Fukaya category . Thus, we establish an -equivalence between full subcategories of the Fukaya category and of .
The approach here is similar to the one we used in the case of Morse theory. All the categories in our chain of -equivalence functors from above will have the same class of objects, i.e. the same as the Fukaya-Oh category.
8.1 Mirror symmetry functor on objects
Here we will define dg-category and the fully faithful embedding of this category to .
In the Appendix we will explain the conventional picture for the mirror symmetry functor in case of complex numbers. There we will use a kind of Fourier-Mukai transform along fibers of the torus fibration. The kernel of this transform is an analog of PoincarΓ© bundle. If one starts with a local system on a Lagrangian section of then the transform makes from it a smooth bundle on with the connection which is flat in the anti-holomorphic directions. In other words, one gets a holomorphic bundle on .
These considerations cannot be literally repeated in the non-archimedean case, because βholomorphicβ considerations do not work. One can obtain the same result in the following way. Let be an object of the category such that and the projection is one-to-one map. The manifold is locally given by the graph of , where is a smooth function on . To such an object we assign a sheaf of rank one -modules . For sufficiently small open and chosen the sheaf is identified with . Change , where leads to the change of the trivialization of as (here is the identity function). If is greater than one, we decompose for small into the sum of rank one local systems and then apply the construction. Analogously, if the covering has more than one leaf, we apply the previous construction to each leaf of the covering and then take the direct sum.
We will loosely call the mirror symmetry functor on objects. The category is defined as the dg-category whose class of objects is , and the spaces of morphisms are
The functor on morphisms is defined in the obvious way, as the identity map.
8.2 Spectrum of a morphism and the semigroup
Let be locally free -modules (i.e. vector bundles) corresponding to objects . For any and a point we will define the spectrum of at as a certain (at most countable) discrete set of real numbers with finite multiplicities.
Let us assume first that are trivial rank one local systems on , and are unramified coverings of . For a sufficiently small open set containing we can write in local coordinates for smooth functions . Restriction to a small open set of a morphism can be identified with the infinite series , where and .
We define the spectrum of at as the set of real numbers (with multiplicities)
where the germ of at is not equal to zero. One can check that is well-defined (i.e. does not depend on the local trivialization), and has the only limiting point at .
In the general case of higher rank local systems and Lagrangian manifolds which are unramified coverings of , we decompose locally near into the direct sum of trivial rank one -modules. The spectrum of a morphism at the point is then defined as the union of the spectra of morphisms between corresponding line bundles.
Remark 19
One can use instead of the spectrum
an -filtration
on the space of morphisms.
It comes from the filtration on the stalks of sheaves
of morphisms
(completed tensor product)
defined by the condition
.
It is easy to see that belongs to
iff for all one has .
Let us consider a subspace of algebraic morphisms. It consists of finite sums (both in and ). It is dense in the space of all morphisms (analytic functions can be approximated by Laurent polynomials). Moreover, the space coincides with the completion of with respect to the -filtration introduced above.
There is a -parameter semigroup acting on . In local coordinates acts on the coefficients by moving them along the gradient flow of . In order to define it globally we need to describe the space in geometric terms. It will be done below.
Given two Lagrangian submanifolds as above, a point , two points such that , we define a set of homotopy classes of paths starting at and ending at . Each homotopy class contains a unique geodesic in the flat metric on the torus. We define the space . It carries an obvious topology such that the natural projection is an unramified covering with countable fibers. Using the symplectic form on we define a closed -form on by the formula . Locally on we have: where are smooth functions. Then locally on we have: , where is a local section of the pullback of the sheaf . Clearly the function is defined up the adding of a real constant. Thus obtain an -torsor on . Using the embedding , we get a -torsor, which defines a local system of -dimensional -modules over . Fibers of carry natural filtrations. Indeed, in a neighborhood of a point we can choose a smooth function such that . It defines a local trivialization of . In this trivialization the filtration is defined for by the condition , where is the valuation. We define a subsheaf of by the requirement that in a local trivialization it is a subsheaf of finite sums of exponents.
Notice that there are natural projections . Having local systems on we define local systems on as pullbacks with respect to .
On we define a sheaf ( were defined previously) such as follows: , where is the sheaf of differential forms. We endow stalks of with -filtrations induced by the filtration on and trivial filtrations on the other tensor factors.
Let denotes the functor of direct image with compact support. Then , where the last tensor factor is the sheaf of de Rham differential forms on .
We can identify with , and the latter group naturally acts on homotopy classes of paths . On the other hand, the group ring of over can be identified with the ring of Laurent polynomials . Let be the subring of finite sums of exponents. It is easy to see that the structure of -module on the sections of corresponds to the structure of -module on its image under . Using this observation one can prove that
where the isomorphism is induced by the natural morphism of sheaves
Here refers to the functor of sections with compact support.
Using the metric on we assign to the -form a vector field on . Locally is the generator of the gradient flow of . It is not difficult to show that there is no trajectory of the flow which goes to infinity for a finite time. Therefore the vector field generates a -parameter semigroup acting on . The following result is easy to prove.
Proposition 9
The -parameter semigroup decreases the filtration on stalks of points which do not belong to . More precisely,
where is an arbitrary point.
Functor is compatible with the filtrations on the stalks of sheaves and . It is easy to see that the completion of stalks of the former with respect to the filtration induced from the one on coincides with . Since the semigroup decreases the filtration, the semigroup extends continuously to the completion with respect to the filtration. Thus the following proposition holds.
Proposition 10
The action of extends continuously
from to
.
8.3 Homological mirror symmetry for abelian varieties
The whole approach here is parallel to the one from Section 6, so we will omit the details. In the previous subsection we defined the semigroup acting on the sections with compact support . This action corresponds to the action of the semigroup on the space of morphisms . Similarly to the case of Morse theory (Section 6) one proves the following result.
Proposition 11
For any there exists a limit in the sense of distributions
where is the sheaf of distribution-valued differential forms on .
The limit is not difficult to describe in terms of the gradient flow generating . Using the fact that moves the spectrum of a morphism to , one can prove similarly to the Section 6 that the limit belongs to a finite-dimensional -vector space generated by the distributions corresponding the unstable manifolds . Clearly, the map extends to the completion with respect to the filtration. It descends to the map , where . The image of belongs to the space isomorphic to .
We can repeat the arguments from the Morse theory (see Section 6). We define the -pre-category similarly to the category from Section 6. It is -equivalent to . By definition the spaces of morphisms of are dg-modules over the dg-algebra , where is the dg-algebra of germs of differential forms at . Compositions of morphisms in are linear with respect to the dg-module structure. Imposing transversality conditions on to be the same as in , we obtain an -equivalent -pre-category .
Using homological perturbation theory (projectors and homotopies are defined by means of the semigroup) similarly to Section 6, we construct an analog of the category . It is an -pre-category denoted by , with the spaces of morphisms which are completed tensor products of with finite-dimensional -vector spaces, spanned by the βsmootheningsβ of the unstable currents (cf. Section 6). By definition, it has the same transversality conditions as the category , and the spaces of morphisms are naturally quasi-isomorphic to the corresponding spaces of morphisms in (compare with the Section 6.6). Similarly to the Section 6 we see that the -structure on is equivalent to the one on . More precisely, we have a natural map from the space (it is defined in terms of the Morse theory) to the space (it is defined in terms of de Rham differential forms on ). Thus we have defined the mirror symmetry functor on morphisms. Let us call the corresponding map for . The proof of the following proposition is similar to its analog from Section 6.6.
Proposition 12
Let be locally free rank one -modules (vector bundles) corresponding to objects . Then the formulas for
coincide (after the extension of scalars from to ) with the formulas for
when the spaces of morphisms are identified via the maps .
Thus, -pre-categories and are equivalent. By the same arguments as in the Morse theory section we see that and are also equivalent. Finally, applying functor , we get our main result.
Theorem 4
The full subcategory of is -equivalent to .
This is the version of homological mirror symmetry we promised to prove.
Remark 20
If we endow the torus with a flat metric and consider only flat Lagrangian subtori in then all higher compositions in the -pre-category can be written in terms of explicit βtruncated theta seriesβ analogous to those considered in [Ko] and [P1] in the case of elliptic curves.