3.3 Degeneration of quartic K3 surfaces [04PR]
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3.3 Degeneration of quartic K3 surfaces
We consider , where is a generic homogeneous polynomial of degree 4. The degeneration has the following properties:
- 1.
the special fiber is reduced, consisting of four Weil divisors, i.e. ;
- 2.
has singular points, given by , hence 4 on each ; the local model around a singular point is given by ;
- 3.
the pair is dlt. Indeed, it is snc away from the singularities, and around a singular point is log canonical by [CLS11, Proposition 11.4.24];
- 4.
the dual complex is a PL-isomorphic to a tetrahedron, and hence homeomorphic to ;
- 5.
by adjunction, the canonical bundle is trivial.
We conclude that is a minimal dlt model of the K3 surface , but it is not good in the sense of Section 1.1 since the prime components of the special fiber are not -Cartier.
Our goal is to construct some explicit minimal models of starting from , and then to study the integral affine structure on induced by these models or by combining several of them. To this purpose, we will apply Corollary 3.1.6 and Corollary 3.2.4.
Some good minimal models of are obtained by performing the following small resolutions of . For any triple of elements in and any fixed order on them, we blow-up in order the divisors , and , and denote the resulting model by and the morphism by
The exceptional locus of consists of smooth rational curves whose images via are the singular points of . In particular, the strict transform of is isomorphic to the blow-up of along the singular points in ; similarly for at points, and for at the remaining singular points. Instead, for , is isomorphic to its strict transform. These facts follow from local computations on .
Blowing-up induces an exceptional curve inside the strict transform , which is isomorphic to the blow-up of along . The above claims now follow, since the singularities of are isolated.
If we denote by for the irreducible components of the special fiber of , and by the strata curves, then the intersection numbers in are
| (3.3.1) |
|
3.3.1 Integral affine structure induced by the model
By [NXY19] the non-archimedean SYZ fibration is an affinoid torus fibration (at least) away from the vertices of the triangulation of induced by the special fiber of , i.e. away from the ’s.
By Theorem B, is an affinoid torus fibration over for , as and is an isomorphism on the strict transform of . Moreover, by Remark 3.1.7 and Eq. 3.3.1 the integral affine structure induced by does not extend to , and .
We conclude that the singular points of the affine structure on induced by are precisely , and . Corollary 3.1.6 establishes that the monodromies around these vertices are
3.3.2 Integral affine structure induced combining more models
We recall a construction from [KS06, §4.2.5]. Consider the resolution obtained by blowing-up the singular points of , which in particular dominates any model . Then the special fiber is and the associated dual complex is the boundary of a tetrahedron with four additional -cells glued along each edge of the tetrahedron; following Kontsevich–Soibelman we call such -cells wings.
We parametrize each edge of by the interval , and each wing glued to by the -simplex in bounded by and .
Lemma 3.3.2.
Let be a wing over the edge , for and assume all distinct. Then the retraction is the contraction of to the edge parallel to the edge :
Proof.
The morphism is the blow-up of the 24 exceptional curves of . In particular, the exceptional divisor is the preimage in of a curve contained in ; it follows that and , where are local equations for on . The Berkovich retraction is linear on and hence depends only on the image of , which is determined by and . Thus we conclude that and we have the result. ∎
Kontsevich and Soibelman define a retraction
where is the Berkovich retraction onto the skeleton , and is a retraction of the 24 wings of to the sphere given as follows. For each edge of we choose a point in the interior of , and define the retraction of onto by
| if | ||
| if | ||
| otherwise. |
We note that
- -
over the interior of any -dimensional face , is equal to , thus it is an affinoid torus fibration (see Example 1.6.2).
- -
Around any vertex , is equal to for any triple such that , as follows from the previous lemma. Thus, from Section 3.3.1, is an affinoid torus fibration around , and the affine structure induced there is the fan structure induced by , by Corollary 2.6.1.
- -
For any edge corresponding to , adopting the notation of Section 3.2,
and thus is an affinoid torus fibration over the union of these two open sets.
We conclude that induces an integral affine structure on away from the points . By Corollary 3.2.4, we can compute the monodromy around the singularities. As all these computations are analogous, we exhibit the case :
with respect to the basis and origin . This formula was already stated in [KS06, §4.2.5].
3.3.3 Dispersion of singularities
We construct a third singular integral affine structure on pushing forward the techniques developed so far. This can be viewed as a dispersion of singularieties with respect to the integral affine structure studied in Section 3.3.2: on each edge we pass from one singular point around which the monodromy is , to singular points around each of which the monodromy is . in the literature Such singularities are called focus-focus and are the most standard examples of singularities for -affine structures in dimension 2. Those arise for instance when considering the hyperkähler rotation of a generic elliptic K3 surface , with an elliptic fibration: the hyperkähler rotation is a complex surface with same underlying topological space as , and hence comes with a map , induced by at the level of topological spaces. The map is no longer holomorphic, but is a symplectic torus fibration inducing a -affine structure with 24 focus-focus singularities on and acting as an SYZ fibration for . We refer the reader to [GW00] for more details.
Let be an edge of , let be the corresponding stratum curve in . We recall that as the degree four polynomial is generic, contains four singular points of , which are ordinary double points. Around each , is étale locally of the form , with and being local equations for and away from . Blowing-up the singular point yields an exceptional divisor . Contracting one or the other ruling of , we obtain two distinct small resolutions of around , respectively with an exceptional curve inside or .
For , we denote by the following small resolution of : around for we consider the small resolution such that the exceptional curve over lies in , while for the small resolution such that the exceptional curves lie in . The gluing of these local small resolutions is done in the étale topology, so that in general the obtained models are no longer schemes but only algebraic spaces. Nevertheless, is dominated by (defined in Section 3.3.2) and still induces a Berkovich retraction , as described in Section 5. In particular, by Proposition 5.0.4, is an affinoid torus fibration over .
We construct the following continuous retraction
where is the Berkovich retraction onto the skeleton , and is a retraction of the 24 wings of to the sphere given as follows. We fix four distinct, ordered, interior points of each edge . Then the map on the wing attached to is defined as the map of Section 3.3.2, setting , for each
Proposition 3.3.3.
The map is an affinoid torus fibration away from the points . Furthermore, the monodromy of the -affine structure induced by , around each singular point, is -conjugate to
Proof.
Over of any -dimensional face , is equal to , hence is an affinoid torus fibration. Around any vertex , is equal to for any triple such that . It follows from Section 3.3.1 that is an affinoid torus fibration around . We denote by the boundary of , with and ; we write and , and denote by the open segment joining two points. Then, for , is equal to over , thus is an affinoid torus fibration. We conclude that is an affinoid torus fibration away from the points for .
For a singular point , we consider a loop around it and contained in . We apply Corollary 3.2.4 to compute the monodromy along : the numbers and differ by , as the model has an additional exceptional curves in with respect to . Therefore, we obtain
with respect to the basis and origin . ∎
Note that for a generic family of quartic surfaces , the metric aspects of the Kontsevich-Soibelman conjecture suggest that there should exist a distinguished singular affine structure on (coming from the Gromov-Hausdorff limit of the family), and hence a canonical choice of interior points for each edge. To the authors’ knowledge there does not exist a way to produce such a canonical set of ’s using non-archimedean techniques.
3.3.4 Collision of singularities
In Section 3.3.2, the retraction depends on the choice of the points ; the same holds for the induced integral affine structure, whose singular locus consists indeed of the points . Moving a point in the interior of the edge affects the location of the singular points, but it does not change the monodromy around the point (see Section 3.3.3). We observe now, in two examples, what happens if we let a point move to a vertex of . We write to emphasize the dependency on the choice of singular points.
When all the points lie in the interior of the respective edges as in Section 3.3.2, on , the induced integral affine structure is smooth at and such that
When collides with the vertex , on is equal to , the integral affine structure is singular at with
When both and collide with , on is equal to , the integral affine structure is singular at with
The computations above suggest that the singularities and the monodromy representation induced by the non-archimedean SYZ fibration can be viewed respectively as a collision of singular points and a product of monodromies induced by the when the ’s collide. The affine structure induced by turns out to be more symmetric and simpler, as all the singular points have the same monodromy and are of focus-focus type.