3.3. Green’s currents on a cylinder
In this subsection we assume is a Riemannian product of a Kähler manifold of complex dimension , and the real line with coordinate .
Given a smooth divisor , let . In our discussion sometimes we also naturally identify with .
The results of this subsection will be purely local so and are not necessarily compact.
The splitting of a line allows us to study the normal exponential map in in terms of the normal exponential map in . Notice the normal bundle of in is naturally a Riemannian direct sum
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where is the normal bundle of in given as the orthogonal complement of in (with respect to ). So is naturally a hermitian line bundle. We also naturally identify with the holomorphic normal bundle , as complex line bundles. Therefore, can be viewed as a holomorphic hermitian line bundle. The normal exponential map of in is defined by
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which gives a local diffeomorphism from a neighborhood of the zero section in to a tubular neighborhood of in . Immediately,
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is the identity map under the natural isomorphisms and .
Given any point , we may choose local holomorphic coordinates on , centered at , such that is locally defined by .
Then induces local holomorphic coordinates on , which we denote by .
Given any , its coordinates are by definition given as
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Under the normal exponential map , these coordinates can also be viewed as local (non-holomorphic) coordinates on , and when restricted to we have and . In particular, still gives holomorphic coordinates on .
Similarly using , the coordinate vector field , originally defined on the normal bundle , can also be viewed as a local (non-holomorphic) vector field on . When restricted to , the vector field can hence be identified with the local section of given by the orthogonal projection of the holomorphic vector field .
Then we obtain a local unitary frame of given by
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These generate fiber coordinates on such that
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In this way we obtain local coordinates in a neighborhood of in . To match with the notation in the previous subsection, with respect to the local orthonormal basis , the normal geodesic coordinates are given by , and
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Also, the convention for orientation is given such that
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defines a positive volume form. In the following, we will also use to denote the hermitian inner product on -type vectors. The relation with the Riemannian inner product is seen as
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What the notation means will be clear in the context.
By making and smaller we get local existence of Green’s current for in , by
Theorem 3.10, with the expansion given there. In our case the formula can be written in terms of the above complex coordinates
Proposition 3.24.
let be a Green’s current for in , then locally
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where and is family of real-valued -forms on parametrized by , satisfying
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Moreover, in terms of the above local coordinates we can write
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where is a smooth real-valued -form locally defined on given by
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and is the -form given by Notation 3.9 such that it contains at least one of the or .
Proof.
This essentially follows from the fact that is located on the slice and is a complex submanifold of . Indeed, we can decompose
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where does not involve .
Given any compactly supported test form , we can write
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where does not involve . Immediately,
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and
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So it follows that
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This implies that in the distributional sense. By the standard elliptic regularity, we have .
Now write
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where is -invariant, i.e. of type in , and is anti--invariant. Since is a complex submanifold of , the Dirac current is -invariant, hence is also a Green’s current for , so we see that is smooth. Then we have
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where is smooth.
Similarly since the is invariant under , the difference is smooth.
To see the expansion of , we notice that is a Kähler, in particular minimal, submanifold of . So the mean curvature of in vanishes. Also notice is parallel on so if either or . This then implies that
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where
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In particular, . Re-writing
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in terms of the complex coordinates and bearing in mind (3.261) we obtain the desired formula for .
∎
Proposition 3.24 has a quick corollary which will be used in our later calculations.
Corollary 3.24.1.
For any positive integer , we have
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Proof.
By Proposition 3.24, we write
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Immediately we have
and for all , .
Moreover,
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Notice that is a smooth term and by definition , then
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So for all ,
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Now by direct calculation,
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The conclusion then follows.
∎
Notice that the above local coordinates are not canonical, and depend on the initial choice of the local coordinates on . However, a different choice of local holomorphic coordinates on will induce the coordinates on fibers of such that
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for some real function on . In particular, we have the transformation
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and
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This suggests viewing as a connection 1-form on the normal bundle. Indeed this is exactly the case.
Lemma 3.25.
is the Chern connection 1-form of the normal bundle with respect to the above hermitian holomorphic structure, in the local holomorphic frame . In other words,
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Proof.
By definition
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where is local real valued function on , and are local complex valued function on . The key property we will use is that along , is tangential to for . In fact, the Kähler condition implies for all , and hence
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Therefore,
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and hence
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Differentiating , we get
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which implies
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Therefore,
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∎
For later applications we will need a few more local expansion results. We will also use the notation and in Definition 3.3. The meaning is similar, but here we work on a neighborhood of in , and the distance function is locally given by . Notice the following expansions are given in the local (non-holomorphic) coordinates , and by definition we have for .
Proposition 3.26.
The following holds locally near the point ,
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The proof relies on
the following expansions
of the holomorphic coordinate functions .
Lemma 3.27.
We have the expansion
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where , , , are local smooth functions on .
Proof.
By definition, is the orthogonal projection of onto , so we have along ,
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where and are smooth functions on . Now write
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then we get that along ,
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which in particular implies
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Now by the definition of the normal exponential map, we have at ,
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Using the Kähler condition we have
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Then by (3.300) we get
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Therefore, the conclusion follows.
Proof of Proposition 3.26.
Given the above Lemma we first obtain that
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then
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Hence
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On the other hand, we have
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So
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Now by Lemma 3.27,
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so
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Similarly, .
Plugging these into (3.310), and compare with (3.308) we obtain
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Thanks to Lemma 3.27, which is a smooth function on , so
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By Lemma 3.25, , so we conclude
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∎
Now we prove an expansion result for the trace of .
Proposition 3.28.
Let be the -form on given as in (3.264), then we have the following expansion near
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Using (3.264) it is easy to see admits an expansion of the form
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for local functions defined on . It suffices to show and . Since the left hand side is independent of the choice of local holomorphic coordinates, it suffices to we only need to work on the slice with special local holomorphic coordinates in a neighborhood of , and it suffices to understand the Taylor expansion along the fiber of over the fixed point .
Lemma 3.29.
We may choose the above holomorphic coordinates centered at , so that is given by and
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where
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Proof of Lemma 3.29.
This follows from elementary manipulation. First, the holomorphic coordinates can be chosen such that for all . By the substitution of the form
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with suitable choices of coefficients, where for .
One can plug both the Taylor expansion of along ’s and (3.322) into . Comparing the coefficients, then it follows that,
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where . Then we can achieve (3.319) with replaced by .
Now we prove Proposition 3.28.
Proof of Proposition 3.28.
The goal is to show and in the expansion (3.317).
We work in the above special coordinates centered at .
The first step is to show that the -term in the expansion of
given by Proposition 3.24
in fact vanishes along .
To this end, notice that at and hence by Lemma 3.27,
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Since the only non-trivial Christofell symsbols at are and for , it easily follows that
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Combining (3.325) and Lemma 3.25,
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for each . Therefore, along the fiber of the normal bundle ,
the expansion of in Proposition 3.24 becomes
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Next, we will compute the coefficients and in (3.317).
As in the proof of Lemma 3.27, we obtain that
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and
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This particularly implies that and
along the fiber ,
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By Lemma 3.29, for all , then the expansion of along the fiber is at least quadratic in the -direction, i.e.
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By (3.324) and (3.330), along the fiber , we have
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and
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So we get
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Since by definition,
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by elementary manipulations we get that and .
∎
We close this subsection by proving an expansion of a local holomorphic volume form on . Given the choice of local holomorphic coordinates on as before, let be a local holomorphic volume form in a neighborhood of , then we can always write
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for a local nowhere vanishing holomorphic function .
Denote the local holomorphic volume form on
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Then can be naturally viewed as a complex -form in some neighborhood of in , in the coordinate system given by .
Proposition 3.30.
We have the following expansion
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for some local smooth function on .
Proof.
We need to calculate the expansion for .
First, by Lemma 3.27,
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where .
Notice that
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Applying Lemma 3.25,
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Next, applying Lemma 3.27 to ’s for ,
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Since it holds that
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then taking the wedge product,
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On the other hand, we have the expansion of ,
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Therefore,
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So we obtain the conclusion by taking .