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2.3. Two dimensional standard model spaces [04Z9]

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2.3. Two dimensional standard model spaces

In the classical Gibbons-Hawking ansatz, to get interesting topology one often needs to allow the S1S^{1} action to have fixed points. This corresponds to the harmonic function VV having Dirac type singularities. For the convenience of later discussion we shall briefly recall the relevant formulae in this model situation, using our description with a preferred complex structure.

We start with X=ℂ2X=\mathbb{C}^{2}, with standard holomorphic coordinates (u1,u2)(u_{1},u_{2}), and flat Kähler metric

(2.41) {ωℂ2=−12​(d​u1∧d​u¯1+d​u2∧d​u¯2)Ωℂ2=d​u1∧d​u2.\begin{cases}\omega_{\mathbb{C}^{2}}=\frac{\sqrt{-1}}{2}(du_{1}\wedge d\bar{u}_{1}+du_{2}\wedge d\bar{u}_{2})\\ \Omega_{\mathbb{C}^{2}}=du_{1}\wedge du_{2}.\end{cases}

Consider the S1S^{1} action on ℂ2\mathbb{C}^{2}

(2.42) e−1​t⋅(u1,u2)≡(e−−1​t​u1,e−1​t​u2).e^{\sqrt{-1}t}\cdot(u_{1},u_{2})\equiv(e^{-\sqrt{-1}t}u_{1},e^{\sqrt{-1}t}u_{2}).

with infinitesimal generator

(2.43) ∂t=−−1(u1∂u1−u2∂u2)+−1(u¯1∂u¯1−u¯2∂u¯2).\partial_{t}=-\sqrt{-1}(u_{1}\partial_{u_{1}}-u_{2}\partial_{u_{2}})+\sqrt{-1}(\bar{u}_{1}\partial_{\bar{u}_{1}}-\bar{u}_{2}\partial_{\bar{u}_{2}}).

Then we have a moment map zz for the S1S^{1} action with respect to ωℂ2\omega_{\mathbb{C}^{2}} and a complex moment map yy for the complexified ℂ∗\mathbb{C}^{*} action with respect to Ωℂ2\Omega_{\mathbb{C}^{2}}. Together we obtain the standard Hopf map π:ℂ2→Q0≡ℂ⊕ℝ\pi:\mathbb{C}^{2}\rightarrow Q_{0}\equiv\mathbb{C}\oplus\mathbb{R}

(2.44) {z=12​(|u1|2−|u2|2)y=u1​u2.\begin{cases}z=\frac{1}{2}(|u_{1}|^{2}-|u_{2}|^{2})\\ y=u_{1}u_{2}.\end{cases}

Then the holomorphic quotient is D0=ℂD_{0}=\mathbb{C} with holomorphic coordinate y=y1+−1​y2y=y_{1}+\sqrt{-1}y_{2}, and we can calculate that

(2.45) {ω~0=−14​r​d​y∧d​y¯Ω0=d​yh0=12​rV=12​r\begin{cases}\tilde{\omega}_{0}=\frac{\sqrt{-1}}{4r}dy\wedge d\bar{y}\\ \Omega_{0}=dy\\ h_{0}=\frac{1}{2r}\\ V=\frac{1}{2r}\end{cases}

where r=y12+y22+z2r=\sqrt{y_{1}^{2}+y_{2}^{2}+z^{2}} is the standard radial function on Q0Q_{0}, and we have the relation

(2.46) r=12​(|u1|2+|u2|2).r=\frac{1}{2}(|u_{1}|^{2}+|u_{2}|^{2}).

The connection 1-form Θ0\Theta_{0} on ℂ2\mathbb{C}^{2} can also be written down explicitly as

(2.47) Θ0=h⋅J​d​z=−1​u1​d​u¯1−u¯1​d​u1+u¯2​d​u2−u2​d​u¯22​(|u1|2+|u2|2).\Theta_{0}=h\cdot Jdz=\sqrt{-1}\frac{u_{1}d\bar{u}_{1}-\bar{u}_{1}du_{1}+\bar{u}_{2}du_{2}-u_{2}d\bar{u}_{2}}{2(|u_{1}|^{2}+|u_{2}|^{2})}.

Define the curvature 2-form on Q0Q_{0}

(2.48) Υ0≡∂zω~0−d​z∧dℂc​h0\Upsilon_{0}\equiv\partial_{z}\tilde{\omega}_{0}-dz\wedge d_{\mathbb{C}}^{c}h_{0}

So we have

(2.49) Υ0=−−14​r3​(z​d​y∧d​y¯+y​d​y¯∧d​z−y¯​d​y∧d​z)\Upsilon_{0}=-\frac{\sqrt{-1}}{4r^{3}}(zdy\wedge d\bar{y}+yd\bar{y}\wedge dz-\bar{y}dy\wedge dz)

From our above discussion we have the following holds

(2.50) {d​Θ0=Υ0ω~0+d​z∧Θ0=ωℂ2\begin{cases}d\Theta_{0}=\Upsilon_{0}\\ \tilde{\omega}_{0}+dz\wedge\Theta_{0}=\omega_{\mathbb{C}^{2}}\end{cases}

where we have implicitly viewed a form on Q0Q_{0} as a form on ℂ2\mathbb{C}^{2} using the pull-back π∗\pi^{*}. In other words, the flat metric on ℂ2\mathbb{C}^{2} together with the above S1S^{1} action can be recovered via the Gibbons-Hawking ansatz applied to the function V=12​rV=\frac{1}{2r} on Q0=ℂ⊕ℝQ_{0}=\mathbb{C}\oplus\mathbb{R}.

Now the above flat metric admits a one-parameter non-flat perturbation, corresponding to replacing VV by V+TV+T for a positive constant TT. Correspondingly we have

(2.51) {ω~0,T=(12​r+T)​−12​d​y∧d​y¯h0,T=12​r+T\begin{cases}\tilde{\omega}_{0,T}=(\frac{1}{2r}+T)\frac{\sqrt{-1}}{2}dy\wedge d\bar{y}\\ h_{0,T}=\frac{1}{2r}+T\\ \end{cases}

This yields a family of Taub-NUT metrics (ωT​N,T,ΩT​N,T)(\omega_{TN,T},\Omega_{TN,T}) on ℝ4\mathbb{R}^{4} with

(2.52) {ωT​N,T≡(12​r+T)​−12​d​y∧d​y¯+d​z∧Θ0ΩT​N,T≡−1​((12​r+T)​d​z+Θ0)∧d​y.\begin{cases}\omega_{TN,T}\equiv(\frac{1}{2r}+T)\frac{\sqrt{-1}}{2}dy\wedge d\bar{y}+dz\wedge\Theta_{0}\\ \Omega_{TN,T}\equiv\sqrt{-1}((\frac{1}{2r}+T)dz+\Theta_{0})\wedge dy.\end{cases}

We can still view these metrics as defined on ℝ4\mathbb{R}^{4} with coordinates u1,u2,u¯1,u¯2u_{1},u_{2},\bar{u}_{1},\bar{u}_{2} via the above Hopf map, but the coordinate functions u1,u2u_{1},u_{2} are no longer holomorphic. Indeed one can write down explicitly the holomorphic volume form

(2.53) ΩT​N,T=d​u1∧d​u2+T2​d​z∧d​y.\Omega_{TN,T}=du_{1}\wedge du_{2}+\frac{T}{2}dz\wedge dy.

We also have

(2.54) h0,T​d​z+−1​Θ0=T​d​z+12​(d​u1u1−d​u2u2).h_{0,T}dz+\sqrt{-1}\Theta_{0}=Tdz+\frac{1}{2}(\frac{du_{1}}{u_{1}}-\frac{du_{2}}{u_{2}}).

LeBrun [LeB91] showed that if we make a (non-holomorphic) coordinate change on ℂ2\mathbb{C}^{2}

(2.55) {η+=u1​eT2​(|u1|2−|u2|2)η−=u2​eT2​(|u2|2−|u1|2)\begin{cases}\eta_{+}=u_{1}e^{\frac{T}{2}(|u_{1}|^{2}-|u_{2}|^{2})}\\ \eta_{-}=u_{2}e^{\frac{T}{2}(|u_{2}|^{2}-|u_{1}|^{2})}\end{cases}

then we have

(2.56) ΩT​N,T=d​η+∧d​η−.\Omega_{TN,T}=d\eta_{+}\wedge d\eta_{-}.

So that the underlying complex manifold is still bi-holomorphic to ℂ2\mathbb{C}^{2} with holomorphic coordinates η+\eta_{+} and η−\eta_{-}, and one can write down a global Kähler potential

(2.57) {ωT​N,T=−1​∂∂¯​φT,φT=12​(|u1|2+|u2|2)+T4​(|u1|4+|u2|4).\begin{cases}\omega_{TN,T}=\sqrt{-1}\partial\bar{\partial}\varphi_{T},\\ \varphi_{T}=\frac{1}{2}(|u_{1}|^{2}+|u_{2}|^{2})+\frac{T}{4}(|u_{1}|^{4}+|u_{2}|^{4}).\end{cases}

Again in Section 4.2, Remark 4.12.3 we shall see this follows from a more general fact.

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