7.1.2. A model partial resolution of singularities [055L]
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7.1.2. A model partial resolution of singularities
Let be a two dimensional singularity, which is a hypersurface in with defining equation
| (7.7) |
Given two positive integers with , we can define a partial resolution of as follows. Let be the subvariety in the product space cut out by the following system of equations
| (7.8) |
where denotes homogeneous coordinates on . Alternatively, can also be described as the closure in of the graph of the rational map . On the affine chart we shall denote by the affine coordinates.
Lemma 7.1.
has at most two possible singularities, which are of type and respectively, and the projection map is a partial resolution, with exceptional divisor isomorphic to .
Proof.
We first show that the system of equations implies , so that does project to . To see this, we notice the first three equations imply
| (7.9) |
If , then we get . If , then by the third equation we get that either or . In the first case using the remaining equations we get . In the second case we get . In both cases the equation is indeed satisfied.
Now we study singularities of . In the affine chart , we get
| (7.10) |
so we reduce the defining equations to a single equation in the variable given by
| (7.11) |
This has exactly one singularity at . Similarly, on the affine chart we reduce the equations to
| (7.12) |
This has exactly one singularity at . On the affine chart , we reduce the equations to
| (7.13) |
which is smooth.
It is then easy to verify that the projection map is an isomorphism outside the point , and if , we get the equation
| (7.14) |
which gives a conic in . ∎
From another point of view, we can view and as families of algebraic curves by projecting to the variable. For this is simply the standard nodal degeneration of conics in , modified by a base change. The family corresponding to is isomorphic to over any general fiber , and the special fiber of is now given by a chain consisting of three components, two of which are given by the proper transforms of the two lines and in , and the middle component is the conic in . In the special case when , is smooth and the projection map is precisely the minimal resolution of singularity.
It is well-known that has a canonical singularity, meaning that the canonical line bundle is trivial. An explicit holomorphic volume form can be written by applying the Poincaré residue to the standard meromorphic on . In the chart , it is given by
| (7.15) |
Notice is isomorphic to the quotient , and pulls-back to a multiple of the standard holomorphic volume form on .
Viewing as fibered over , we further get a relative holomorphic volume form
| (7.16) |
One can see is smooth away from the singularity , and on each component of the singular fiber it is a meromorphic 1-form with a simple pole along the singularity.
The partial resolution is a crepant resolution, i.e. the canonical line bundle is also trivial. Indeed the pull-back of is nowhere vanishing on , and by applying the Poincaré residue to the function , we then get a meromorphic 1-form on each component of the special fiber. On the conic the meromorphic 1-form is given by . The upshot is that we still get a meromorphic section of the relative canonical bundle, which is smooth away from the two singularities and of .