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7.1.2. A model partial resolution of singularities [055L]

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7.1.2. A model partial resolution of singularities

Let 𝒮\mathcal{S} be a two dimensional Ak−1​(k≥2)A_{k-1}(k\geq 2) singularity, which is a hypersurface in ℂ3\mathbb{C}^{3} with defining equation

(7.7) z1​z2+z3k=0.z_{1}z_{2}+z_{3}^{k}=0.

Given two positive integers a1≥a2a_{1}\geq a_{2} with a1+a2=ka_{1}+a_{2}=k, we can define a partial resolution of 𝒮\mathcal{S} as follows. Let 𝒮¯\overline{\mathcal{S}} be the subvariety in the product space ℂ3×ℂ​ℙ2\mathbb{C}^{3}\times\mathbb{C}\mathbb{P}^{2} cut out by the following system of equations

(7.8) {z3a1​u1=z1​u3;z3a2​u2=z2​u3;u1​u2+u32=0;z3a1−a2​u1​z2=u2​z1;z3a2​u3+u1​z2=0.\begin{cases}z_{3}^{a_{1}}u_{1}=z_{1}u_{3};\\ z_{3}^{a_{2}}u_{2}=z_{2}u_{3};\\ u_{1}u_{2}+u_{3}^{2}=0;\\ z_{3}^{a_{1}-a_{2}}u_{1}z_{2}=u_{2}z_{1};\\ z_{3}^{a_{2}}u_{3}+u_{1}z_{2}=0.\end{cases}

where [u1:u2:u3][u_{1}:u_{2}:u_{3}] denotes homogeneous coordinates on ℂ​ℙ2\mathbb{C}\mathbb{P}^{2}. Alternatively, 𝒮¯\overline{\mathcal{S}} can also be described as the closure in ℂ3×ℂ​ℙ2\mathbb{C}^{3}\times\mathbb{C}\mathbb{P}^{2} of the graph of the rational map 𝒮→ℂℙ2;(z1,z2,z3)↦[z1z3a1:z2z3a2:1]\mathcal{S}\rightarrow\mathbb{C}\mathbb{P}^{2};(z_{1},z_{2},z_{3})\mapsto[\frac{z_{1}}{z_{3}^{a_{1}}}:\frac{z_{2}}{z_{3}^{a_{2}}}:1]. On the affine chart {ui≠0}\{u_{i}\neq 0\} we shall denote by vj=uj/ui​(j≠i)v_{j}=u_{j}/u_{i}(j\neq i) the affine coordinates.

Lemma 7.1.

𝒮¯\overline{\mathcal{S}} has at most two possible singularities, which are of type Aa1−1A_{a_{1}-1} and Aa2−1A_{a_{2}-1} respectively, and the projection map 𝒮¯→𝒮\overline{\mathcal{S}}\rightarrow\mathcal{S} is a partial resolution, with exceptional divisor isomorphic to ℂ​ℙ1\mathbb{C}\mathbb{P}^{1}.

Proof.

We first show that the system of equations implies z1​z2+z3k=0z_{1}z_{2}+z_{3}^{k}=0, so that 𝒮¯\overline{\mathcal{S}} does project to 𝒮\mathcal{S}. To see this, we notice the first three equations imply

(7.9) u32​(z1​z2+z3k)=0.u_{3}^{2}(z_{1}z_{2}+z_{3}^{k})=0.

If u3≠0u_{3}\neq 0, then we get z1​z2+z3k=0z_{1}z_{2}+z_{3}^{k}=0. If u3=0u_{3}=0, then by the third equation we get that either u1≠0,u2=0u_{1}\neq 0,u_{2}=0 or u1=0,u2≠0u_{1}=0,u_{2}\neq 0. In the first case using the remaining equations we get z3=z2=0z_{3}=z_{2}=0. In the second case we get z3=z1=0z_{3}=z_{1}=0. In both cases the equation z1​z2+z3k=0z_{1}z_{2}+z_{3}^{k}=0 is indeed satisfied.

Now we study singularities of 𝒮¯\overline{\mathcal{S}}. In the affine chart {u1≠0}\{u_{1}\neq 0\}, we get

(7.10) {v2+v32=0;z2+z3a2​v3=0,\begin{cases}v_{2}+v_{3}^{2}=0;\\ z_{2}+z_{3}^{a_{2}}v_{3}=0,\end{cases}

so we reduce the defining equations to a single equation in the z1,z3,v3z_{1},z_{3},v_{3} variable given by

(7.11) z3a1=z1​v3.z_{3}^{a_{1}}=z_{1}v_{3}.

This has exactly one Aa1−1A_{a_{1}-1} singularity at {z1=z3=v3=0}\{z_{1}=z_{3}=v_{3}=0\}. Similarly, on the affine chart {u2≠0}\{u_{2}\neq 0\} we reduce the equations to

(7.12) z3a2=z2​v3.z_{3}^{a_{2}}=z_{2}v_{3}.

This has exactly one Aa2−1A_{a_{2}-1} singularity at {z2=z3=v3=0}\{z_{2}=z_{3}=v_{3}=0\}. On the affine chart {u3≠0}\{u_{3}\neq 0\}, we reduce the equations to

(7.13) v1​v2+1=0.v_{1}v_{2}+1=0.

which is smooth.

It is then easy to verify that the projection map 𝒮¯→𝒮\overline{\mathcal{S}}\rightarrow\mathcal{S} is an isomorphism outside the point {z1=z2=z3=0}\{z_{1}=z_{2}=z_{3}=0\}, and if z1=z2=z3=0z_{1}=z_{2}=z_{3}=0, we get the equation

(7.14) u1​u2+u32=0,u_{1}u_{2}+u_{3}^{2}=0,

which gives a conic in ℂ​ℙ2\mathbb{C}\mathbb{P}^{2}. ∎

From another point of view, we can view 𝒮\mathcal{S} and 𝒮¯\overline{\mathcal{S}} as families of algebraic curves by projecting to the z3z_{3} variable. For 𝒮\mathcal{S} this is simply the standard nodal degeneration of conics in ℂ2\mathbb{C}^{2}, modified by a base change. The family corresponding to 𝒮¯\overline{\mathcal{S}} is isomorphic to 𝒮\mathcal{S} over any general fiber {z3≠0}\{z_{3}\neq 0\}, and the special fiber of 𝒮¯\overline{\mathcal{S}} is now given by a chain consisting of three components, two of which are given by the proper transforms of the two lines {z1=0}\{z_{1}=0\} and {z2=0}\{z_{2}=0\} in ℂ2\mathbb{C}^{2}, and the middle component is the conic {u1u2+u32=0}\{u_{1}u_{2}+u_{3}^{2}=0\} in ℂ​ℙ2\mathbb{C}\mathbb{P}^{2}. In the special case when a1=a2=1a_{1}=a_{2}=1, 𝒮¯\overline{\mathcal{S}} is smooth and the projection map is precisely the minimal resolution of singularity.

It is well-known that 𝒮\mathcal{S} has a canonical singularity, meaning that the canonical line bundle K𝒮K_{\mathcal{S}} is trivial. An explicit holomorphic volume form Ω𝒮\Omega_{\mathcal{S}} can be written by applying the Poincaré residue to the standard meromorphic 1z1​z2+z3k​d​z1∧d​z2∧d​z3\frac{1}{z_{1}z_{2}+z_{3}^{k}}dz_{1}\wedge dz_{2}\wedge dz_{3} on ℂ3\mathbb{C}^{3}. In the chart {z1≠0}\{z_{1}\neq 0\}, it is given by

(7.15) Ω𝒮=d​z2∧d​z3z2.\Omega_{\mathcal{S}}=\frac{dz_{2}\wedge dz_{3}}{z_{2}}.

Notice 𝒮\mathcal{S} is isomorphic to the quotient ℂ2/ℤk\mathbb{C}^{2}/\mathbb{Z}_{k}, and Ω𝒮\Omega_{\mathcal{S}} pulls-back to a multiple of the standard holomorphic volume form on ℂ2\mathbb{C}^{2}.

Viewing 𝒮\mathcal{S} as fibered over z3∈ℂz_{3}\in\mathbb{C}, we further get a relative holomorphic volume form

(7.16) Ω′=−d​z2z2=d​z1z1.\Omega^{\prime}=-\frac{dz_{2}}{z_{2}}=\frac{dz_{1}}{z_{1}}.

One can see Ω′\Omega^{\prime} is smooth away from the singularity {z1=z2=z3=0}\{z_{1}=z_{2}=z_{3}=0\}, and on each component of the singular fiber it is a meromorphic 1-form with a simple pole along the singularity.

The partial resolution 𝒮¯\overline{\mathcal{S}} is a crepant resolution, i.e. the canonical line bundle K𝒮¯K_{\overline{\mathcal{S}}} is also trivial. Indeed the pull-back Ω𝒮¯\Omega_{\overline{\mathcal{S}}} of Ω𝒮\Omega_{\mathcal{S}} is nowhere vanishing on 𝒮¯\overline{\mathcal{S}}, and by applying the Poincaré residue to the function z3z_{3}, we then get a meromorphic 1-form on each component of the special fiber. On the conic {u1u2+u32=0}\{u_{1}u_{2}+u_{3}^{2}=0\} the meromorphic 1-form is given by v1−1​d​v1=−v2−1​d​v2v_{1}^{-1}dv_{1}=-v_{2}^{-1}dv_{2}. The upshot is that we still get a meromorphic section of the relative canonical bundle, which is smooth away from the two singularities {u1=u3=z1=z2=z3=0}\{u_{1}=u_{3}=z_{1}=z_{2}=z_{3}=0\} and {u2=u3=z1=z2=z3=0}\{u_{2}=u_{3}=z_{1}=z_{2}=z_{3}=0\} of S¯\overline{S}.

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