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5.6. Proof of the Liouville theorem [054N]

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5.6. Proof of the Liouville theorem

In this subsection, we will complete the proof of Theorem 5.2.

To begin with, we prove the following lemma, which states that any harmonic function with slow exponential growth rate on a δ\delta-asymptotically Calabi space is in fact almost harmonic with repsect to the Calabi model metric.

Lemma 5.17.

Let (X2​n,g)(X^{2n},g) be a complete non-compact Riemannian manifold which is δ\delta-asymptotically Calabi space in the sense of Definition 5.1. Let δ¯∈(0,δ/10)\underline{\delta}\in(0,\delta/10) be a constant such that uu satisfies

(5.236) Δg​u=0u=O⁡(eδ¯⋅zn2),\displaystyle\begin{split}\Delta_{g}u&=0\\ u&=O(e^{\underline{\delta}\cdot z^{\frac{n}{2}}}),\end{split}

then there exists z0>0z_{0}>0, such that for every fixed k∈ℤ+k\in\mathbb{Z}_{+}, we have for all z≥z0z\geq z_{0},

(5.237) ∥∇g𝒞nkΔg𝒞nu(z,𝒚)∥≤Ck⋅e−δ2⋅zn2,\|\nabla^{k}_{g_{\mathcal{C}^{n}}}\Delta_{g_{\mathcal{C}^{n}}}u(z,\bm{y})\|\leq C_{k}\cdot e^{-\frac{\delta}{2}\cdot z^{\frac{n}{2}}},

where CkC_{k} is a constant depending only on XX and kk.

The proof of this is essentially the same as the proof of Claim 4.18 in [HSVZ18]. We omit the details here. By quite explicit computations, the curvatures of the Calabi model space are uniformly bounded as z→+∞z\to+\infty, which allows us to use the local elliptic estimate even though the geometry is collapsing at infinity.

Proof of Theorem 5.2.

We let

(5.238) δ¯0≡min⁡(δ10,δb).\underline{\delta}_{0}\equiv\min(\frac{\delta}{10},\delta_{b}).

Let uu be a harmonic function on the δ\delta-asymptotically Calabi space (X2​n,g)(X^{2n},g), which satisfies

(5.239) u=O⁡(eδ¯0⋅zn2).u=O(e^{\underline{\delta}_{0}\cdot z^{\frac{n}{2}}}).

By assumption, there exists some large constant z1≫1z_{1}\gg 1, and a diffeomorphism

(5.240) Φ:[z1,+∞)×Y2​n−1→X2​n∖K\Phi:[z_{1},+\infty)\times Y^{2n-1}\to X^{2n}\setminus K

such that for all k∈ℕk\in\mathbb{N}

(5.241) ∥∇k(Φ∗g−g𝒞n)∥g𝒞n≤Ce−δ⋅zn2.\|\nabla^{k}(\Phi^{*}g-g_{\mathcal{C}^{n}})\|_{g_{\mathcal{C}^{n}}}\leq Ce^{-\delta\cdot z^{\frac{n}{2}}}.

By the Lemma 5.17, there is some large constant z0≫1z_{0}\gg 1 such that

(5.242) Δg𝒞n​u\displaystyle\Delta_{g_{\mathcal{C}^{n}}}u =ϕ,\displaystyle=\phi,
(5.243) |∇g𝒞nk​ϕ|\displaystyle|\nabla^{k}_{g_{\mathcal{C}^{n}}}\phi| =O⁡(e−δ​zn2)\displaystyle=O(e^{-\delta z^{\frac{n}{2}}})

for all z≥z0z\geq z_{0} and k∈ℕk\in\mathbb{N}.

Then applying Proposition 5.16 on [z0,+∞)×Y2​n−1[z_{0},+\infty)\times Y^{2n-1}, there exists a solution to the equation

(5.244) Δg𝒞n​v=ϕ\Delta_{g_{\mathcal{C}^{n}}}v=\phi

such that

(5.245) |v|+|∇v|=O(e−ℓ⋅zn2)|v|+|\nabla v|=O(e^{-\ell\cdot z^{\frac{n}{2}}})

for any ℓ∈(0,δ/2)\ell\in(0,\delta/2). Notice that, as z→+∞z\to+\infty, curvatures are uniformly bounded in the Calabi space. Therefore, we have

(5.246) 0=Δg​(u)=Δg𝒞n​(u−v),\displaystyle 0=\Delta_{g}(u)=\Delta_{g_{\mathcal{C}^{n}}}(u-v),

and u−v=O⁡(eδ¯0⋅zn2)u-v=O(e^{\underline{\delta}_{0}\cdot z^{\frac{n}{2}}}). Now we are in a position to apply Proposition 5.14 to u−vu-v, which shows that there is some harmonic function hh on the Calabi space such that

(5.247) u−v=κ0⋅z+c0+h,u-v=\kappa_{0}\cdot z+c_{0}+h,

where |h|+|∇h|=O(e−δ¯⋅zn2)|h|+|\nabla h|=O(e^{-\underline{\delta}\cdot z^{\frac{n}{2}}}) for all δ¯∈(0,δb)\underline{\delta}\in(0,\delta_{b}). Also |d​z|g𝒞n→0|dz|_{g_{\mathcal{C}^{n}}}\rightarrow 0 as z→∞z\rightarrow\infty, then

(5.248) |d​u|g≤C​|d​u|g𝒞n≤C⁡(|d​v|g𝒞n+|d​z|g𝒞n+|​d​w|g𝒞n)→0,z→∞.|du|_{g}\leq C|du|_{g_{\mathcal{C}^{n}}}\leq C(|dv|_{g_{\mathcal{C}^{n}}}+|dz|_{g_{\mathcal{C}^{n}}}+|dw|_{g_{\mathcal{C}^{n}}})\rightarrow 0,\ \ \ \ z\rightarrow\infty.

Since Δg​u=0\Delta_{g}u=0, so it holds that

(5.249) Δ⁡(d​u)=d​d∗​(d​u)=−d​Δg​u=0.\Delta(du)=dd^{*}(du)=-d\Delta_{g}u=0.

By assumption, (X2​n,g)(X^{2n},g) satisfies Ricg≥0\Ric_{g}\geq 0, then Bochner’s formula implies that

(5.250) 12Δg|du|2=|∇du|2+Ricg(du,du)≥0.\frac{1}{2}\Delta_{g}|du|^{2}=|\nabla du|^{2}+\Ric_{g}(du,du)\geq 0.

Applying the decay property of |d​u||du| in (5.248) and the maximum principle,

(5.251) |d​u|g≡0​on​X2​n.|du|_{g}\equiv 0\ \text{on}\ X^{2n}.

Therefore, uu is a constant.

∎

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