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8.2. Height of toric bundles [02YE]

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8.2. Height of toric bundles

Let n≥0n\geq 0 and write ℙn=ℙℚn\mathbb{P}^{n}=\mathbb{P}^{n}_{\mathbb{Q}} for short. Given ar≥⋯≥a0≥1a_{r}\geq\dots\geq a_{0}\geq 1, consider the bundle ℙ⁡(E)→ℙn\mathbb{P}(E)\rightarrow\mathbb{P}^{n} of hyperplanes of the vector bundle

E=𝒪⁡(a0)⊕𝒪⁡(a1)⊕⋯⊕𝒪⁡(ar)⟶ℙn,E={\mathcal{O}}(a_{0})\oplus{\mathcal{O}}(a_{1})\oplus\dots\oplus{\mathcal{O}}(a_{r})\longrightarrow\mathbb{P}^{n},

where 𝒪⁡(aj){\mathcal{O}}(a_{j}) denotes the aja_{j}-th power of the universal line bundle of ℙn\mathbb{P}^{n}. Equivalently, ℙ⁡(E)\mathbb{P}(E) can be defined as the bundle of lines of the dual vector bundle E∨E^{\vee}. The fibre of the map π:ℙ⁡(E)→ℙn\pi\colon\mathbb{P}(E)\to\mathbb{P}^{n} over each point p∈ℙn​(ℚ¯)p\in\mathbb{P}^{n}({\overline{\mathbb{Q}}}) is a projective space of dimension rr. This bundle is a smooth toric variety over ℚ\mathbb{Q} of dimension n+rn+r, see [Oda88, pp. 58-59], [Ful93, p. 42]. The particular case n=r=1n=r=1 corresponds to Hirzebruch surfaces: for b≥0b\geq 0, we have 𝔽b=ℙ⁡(𝒪⁡(0)⊕𝒪⁡(b))≃ℙ⁡(𝒪⁡(a0)⊕𝒪⁡(a0+b))\mathbb{F}_{b}=\mathbb{P}({\mathcal{O}}(0)\oplus{\mathcal{O}}(b))\simeq\mathbb{P}({\mathcal{O}}(a_{0})\oplus{\mathcal{O}}(a_{0}+b)) for any a0≥1a_{0}\geq 1.

The tautological line bundle of ℙ⁡(E)\mathbb{P}(E), denoted 𝒪ℙ⁡(E)​(−1){\mathcal{O}}_{\mathbb{P}(E)}(-1), is defined as a subbundle of π∗​E∨\pi^{*}E^{\vee}. Its fibre over a point of ℙ⁡(E)\mathbb{P}(E) is the inverse image under π\pi of the line in E∨E^{\vee} which is dual to the hyperplane of EE defining the given point. The universal line bundle 𝒪ℙ⁡(E)​(1){\mathcal{O}}_{\mathbb{P}(E)}(1) of ℙ⁡(E)\mathbb{P}(E) is defined as the dual of the tautological one. Since 𝒪⁡(aj){\mathcal{O}}(a_{j}), j=0,…,rj=0,\dots,r, is ample, the universal line bundle is also ample [Har66]. This is the line bundle corresponding to the Cartier divisor a0​D0+D1a_{0}D_{0}+D_{1}, where D0D_{0} denotes the inverse image in ℙ⁡(E)\mathbb{P}(E) of the hyperplane at infinity of ℙn\mathbb{P}^{n} and D1=ℙ⁡(0⊕𝒪⁡(a1)⊕⋯⊕𝒪⁡(ar))D_{1}=\mathbb{P}(0\oplus{\mathcal{O}}(a_{1})\oplus\dots\oplus{\mathcal{O}}(a_{r})). Observe that, although ℙ⁡(E)\mathbb{P}(E) is isomorphic to the bundle associated to the family of integers ai+ca_{i}+c for any c∈ℕc\in\mathbb{N}, this is not the case for the associated universal line bundle, that depends on the choice of cc.

Following Example 4.3, we regard ℙn\mathbb{P}^{n} as a toric variety over ℚ\mathbb{Q} equipped with the action of the split torus 𝔾mn\mathbb{G}_{m}^{n}. Let ss be the toric section of 𝒪⁡(1){\mathcal{O}}(1) which corresponds to the hyperplane at infinity H0H_{0} and let sj=s⊗−ajs_{j}=s^{\otimes-a_{j}}, which is a section of 𝒪⁡(−aj){\mathcal{O}}(-a_{j}). Let U=ℙn∖H0U=\mathbb{P}^{n}\setminus H_{0}. The restriction of ℙ⁡(E)\mathbb{P}(E) to UU is isomorphic to U×ℙrU\times\mathbb{P}^{r} through the map φ\varphi defined, for p∈Up\in U and q∈ℙrq\in\mathbb{P}^{r}, as

(p,q)⟼(p,q0​s0​(p)⊕⋯⊕qr​sr​(p)).(p,q)\longmapsto(p,q_{0}s_{0}(p)\oplus\dots\oplus q_{r}s_{r}(p)).

The torus 𝕋:=𝔾mn+r\mathbb{T}:=\mathbb{G}_{m}^{n+r} can then be included as an open subvariety of ℙ⁡(E)\mathbb{P}(E) through the map φ\varphi composed with the standard inclusion of 𝔾mn+r\mathbb{G}_{m}^{n+r} into U×ℙrU\times\mathbb{P}^{r}. The action of 𝕋\mathbb{T} on itself by translation extends to an action of the torus on the whole of ℙ⁡(E)\mathbb{P}(E). Hence ℙ⁡(E)\mathbb{P}(E) is a toric variety over ℚ\mathbb{Q}. With this action the divisor a0​D0+D1a_{0}D_{0}+D_{1} is a 𝕋\mathbb{T}-Cartier divisor.

By abuse of notation, we also denote E∨E^{\vee} the total space associated to the vector bundle E∨E^{\vee}. The map 𝔾mn+r→E∨\mathbb{G}_{m}^{n+r}\to E^{\vee} defined as

(z,w)⟼((1:z),(s0​(1:z)⊕w1​s1​(1:z)⊕⋯⊕wr​sr​(1:z)))(z,w)\longmapsto((1:z),(s_{0}(1:z)\oplus w_{1}s_{1}(1:z)\oplus\dots\oplus w_{r}s_{r}(1:z)))

induces a no-where vanishing section of the tautological line bundle of ℙ⁡(E)\mathbb{P}(E) over the open subset 𝕋\mathbb{T}. Its inverse, denoted ss, is a no-where vanishing section of 𝒪ℙ⁡(E)​(1){\mathcal{O}}_{\mathbb{P}(E)}(1) over 𝕋\mathbb{T}. In particular, this section induces a structure of toric line bundle on 𝒪ℙ⁡(E)​(1){\mathcal{O}}_{\mathbb{P}(E)}(1). The divisor of the section ss is precisely the 𝕋\mathbb{T}-Cartier divisor a0​D0+D1a_{0}D_{0}+D_{1} considered above.

We now introduce an adelic toric metric on 𝒪ℙ⁡(E)​(1){\mathcal{O}}_{\mathbb{P}(E)}(1). For v=∞v=\infty, we consider the complex vector bundle E⁡(ℂ)E(\mathbb{C}) that can be naturally metrized by the direct sum of the Fubiny-Study metric on each factor 𝒪​(aj)​(ℂ){\mathcal{O}}(a_{j})(\mathbb{C}). By duality, this gives a metric on E∨​(ℂ)E^{\vee}(\mathbb{C}), which induces by restriction a metric on the tautological line bundle. Applying duality once more time, we obtain a smooth metric, denoted ∥⋅∥∞\|\cdot\|_{\infty}, on Oℙ​(E)​(ℂ)​(1)O_{\mathbb{P}(E)(\mathbb{C})}(1). For v∈Mℚ∖{∞}v\in M_{\mathbb{Q}}\setminus\{\infty\}, we equip Oℙ⁡(E)​(1)O_{\mathbb{P}(E)}(1) with the canonical metric (Proposition-Definition 5.20). We write 𝒪ℙ⁡(E)​(1)¯=(𝒪ℙ⁡(E)(1),(∥⋅∥v)v∈Mℚ)\overline{{\mathcal{O}}_{\mathbb{P}(E)}(1)}=({\mathcal{O}}_{\mathbb{P}(E)}(1),(\|\cdot\|_{v})_{v\in M_{\mathbb{Q}}}) for the obtained adelic metrized toric line bundle.

We have made a choice of splitting of 𝕋\mathbb{T} and therefore a choice of an identification N=ℤn+rN=\mathbb{Z}^{n+r}. Thus we obtain a system of coordinates in the real vector space associated to the toric variety ℙ⁡(E)\mathbb{P}(E), Nℝ=ℝn+r=ℝn×ℝrN_{\mathbb{R}}=\mathbb{R}^{n+r}=\mathbb{R}^{n}\times\mathbb{R}^{r}. Since the metric considered at each non-Archimedean place is the canonical one, the only nontrivial contribution to the global height will come from the Archimedean place. The restriction to the principal open subset ℙ​(E)0​(ℂ)≃(ℂ×)n+r=(ℂ×)n×(ℂ×)r\mathbb{P}(E)_{0}(\mathbb{C})\simeq(\mathbb{C}^{\times})^{n+r}=(\mathbb{C}^{\times})^{n}\times(\mathbb{C}^{\times})^{r} of the valuation map is expressed, in these coordinates, as the map val:(ℂ×)n+r→Nℝ{\operatorname{val}}\colon(\mathbb{C}^{\times})^{n+r}\to N_{\mathbb{R}} defined by

val⁡(z,w)=(−log⁡|z1|,…,−log⁡|zn|,−log⁡|w1|,…,−log⁡|wr|).{\operatorname{val}}(z,w)=(-\log|z_{1}|,\dots,-\log|z_{n}|,-\log|w_{1}|,\dots,-\log|w_{r}|).

Let θ0\theta_{0} be the natural inclusion of real variety ℙ​(E)0​(ℝ≥0)≃(ℝ>0)n+r\mathbb{P}(E)_{0}(\mathbb{R}_{\geq 0})\simeq(\mathbb{R}_{>0})^{n+r} in ℙ​(E)0​(ℂ)\mathbb{P}(E)_{0}(\mathbb{C}) and let 𝐞ℂ{\operatorname{\mathbf{e}}}_{\mathbb{C}} be the homeomorphism Nℝ→ℙ​(E)0​(ℝ≥0)N_{\mathbb{R}}\to\mathbb{P}(E)_{0}(\mathbb{R}_{\geq 0}), both defined in §5.1. In these coordinates, the composition map θ0∘𝐞ℂ:Nℝ→ℙ​(E)0​(ℂ)\theta_{0}\circ{\operatorname{\mathbf{e}}}_{\mathbb{C}}\colon N_{\mathbb{R}}\to\mathbb{P}(E)_{0}(\mathbb{C}) is given by (u,v)↦(e−u1,…,e−un,e−v1,…,e−vr)(u,v)\mapsto(\operatorname{e}^{-u_{1}},\dots,\operatorname{e}^{-u_{n}},\operatorname{e}^{-v_{1}},\dots,\operatorname{e}^{-v_{r}}).

Write ψ∞:Nℝ→ℝ\psi_{\infty}\colon N_{\mathbb{R}}\to\mathbb{R} for the function corresponding to the metric ∥⋅∥∞\|\cdot\|_{\infty} and the toric section ss defined above.

Lemma 8.17.

The function ψ∞\psi_{\infty} is defined, for u∈ℝnu\in\mathbb{R}^{n} and v∈ℝrv\in\mathbb{R}^{r}, as

ψ∞​(u,v)=−12​log⁡(∑j=0re−2​vj⁡(∑i=0ne−2​ui)aj),\psi_{\infty}(u,v)=-\frac{1}{2}\log\left(\sum_{j=0}^{r}{\operatorname{e}}^{-2v_{j}}\left(\sum_{i=0}^{n}{\operatorname{e}}^{-2u_{i}}\right)^{a_{j}}\right),

with the convention u0=v0=0u_{0}=v_{0}=0. It is a strictly concave function.

Proof.

The metric on E∨E^{\vee} is given, for p∈ℙn​(ℂ)p\in\mathbb{P}^{n}(\mathbb{C}) and q0,…,qr∈ℂq_{0},\dots,q_{r}\in\mathbb{C}, by

‖q0​s0​(p)⊕⋯⊕qr​sr​(p)‖∞2=|q0|2​‖s0​(p)‖2+⋯+|qr|2​‖sr​(p)‖2,||q_{0}s_{0}(p)\oplus\dots\oplus q_{r}s_{r}(p)||_{\infty}^{2}=|q_{0}|^{2}||s_{0}(p)||^{2}+\dots+|q_{r}|^{2}||s_{r}(p)||^{2},

where ‖sj​(p)‖||s_{j}(p)|| is the norm of sj​(p)s_{j}(p) with respect to the Fubini-Study metric on 𝒪​(−aj)an{\mathcal{O}}(-a_{j})^{{\text{\rm an}}}. By Example 2.2,

‖sj​(p)‖2=(|p0|2|p0|2+⋯+|pn|2)−aj.||s_{j}(p)||^{2}=\bigg(\frac{|p_{0}|^{2}}{|p_{0}|^{2}+\dots+|p_{n}|^{2}}\bigg)^{-a_{j}}.

Let s⊗−1s^{\otimes-1} be the monomial section of the tautological line bundle defined by ss. Then

(8.18) ‖s⊗−1∘θ0∘𝐞ℂ⁡(u,v)‖2=∑j=0re−2​vj⁡(∑i=0ne−2​ui)aj.\|s^{\otimes-1}\circ\theta_{0}\circ{\operatorname{\mathbf{e}}}_{\mathbb{C}}(u,v)\|^{2}=\sum_{j=0}^{r}{\operatorname{e}}^{-2v_{j}}\left(\sum_{i=0}^{n}{\operatorname{e}}^{-2u_{i}}\right)^{a_{j}}.

By Proposition 5.19(2), ψ∞\psi_{\infty} is −1/2-1/2 times the logarithm of the above expression.

For the last statement, observe that the functions e−2​vj⁡(∑i=0ne−2​ui)aj{\operatorname{e}}^{-2v_{j}}(\sum_{i=0}^{n}{\operatorname{e}}^{-2u_{i}})^{a_{j}} are log-strictly convex, because −1/2-1/2 times their logarithm is the function associated to the Fubini-Study metric on 𝒪​(aj)an{\mathcal{O}}(a_{j})^{{\text{\rm an}}}, which is a strictly concave function. Their sum is also log-strictly convex [BV04, §3.5.2]. Hence, ψ∞\psi_{\infty} is strictly concave. ∎

Corollary 8.19.

The metric ∥⋅∥∞\|\cdot\|_{\infty} is a semipositive smooth toric metric.

The following result summarizes the toric structure of ℙ⁡(E)\mathbb{P}(E) and of 𝒪ℙ⁡(E)​(1)¯{\overline{{\mathcal{O}}_{\mathbb{P}(E)}(1)}}.

Proposition 8.20.
  1. (1)

    Let eie_{i}, 1≤i≤n1\leq i\leq n, and fjf_{j}, 1≤j≤r1\leq j\leq r, be the ii-th and (n+j)(n+j)-th vectors of the standard basis of N=ℤn+rN=\mathbb{Z}^{n+r}. Set f0=−f1−⋯−frf_{0}=-f_{1}-\cdots-f_{r} and e0=a0​f0+⋯+ar​fr−e1−⋯−ene_{0}=a_{0}f_{0}+\cdots+a_{r}f_{r}-e_{1}-\cdots-e_{n}. The fan Σ\Sigma corresponding to ℙ⁡(E)\mathbb{P}(E) is the fan in NℝN_{\mathbb{R}} whose maximal cones are the convex hull of the rays generated by the vectors

    e0,⋯,ek−1,ek+1,⋯,en,f0,⋯,fℓ−1,fℓ+1,⋯,fre_{0},\cdots,e_{k-1},e_{k+1},\cdots,e_{n},f_{0},\cdots,f_{\ell-1},f_{\ell+1},\cdots,f_{r}

    for 0≤k≤n,0≤ℓ≤r0\leq k\leq n,0\leq\ell\leq r. This is a complete regular fan.

  2. (2)

    The support function Ψ:Nℝ→ℝ\Psi\colon N_{\mathbb{R}}\to{\mathbb{R}} corresponding to the universal line bundle 𝒪ℙ⁡(E)​(1){\mathcal{O}}_{\mathbb{P}(E)}(1) is defined, for u∈ℝnu\in\mathbb{R}^{n} and v∈ℝrv\in\mathbb{R}^{r}, as

    Ψ⁡(u,v)=min0≤k≤n0≤ℓ≤r⁡(aℓ​uk+vℓ),\Psi(u,v)=\mathop{\min_{0\leq k\leq n}}_{0\leq\ell\leq r}(a_{\ell}u_{k}+v_{\ell}),

    where, for short, we have set u0=v0=0u_{0}=v_{0}=0.

  3. (3)

    The polytope Δ\Delta in Mℝ=ℝn×ℝrM_{\mathbb{R}}=\mathbb{R}^{n}\times\mathbb{R}^{r} associated to (Σ,Ψ)(\Sigma,\Psi) is

    {(x,y)|y1,…,yr≥0,∑ℓ=1ryℓ≤1,x1,…,xn≥0,∑k=1nxk≤L(y)}\Big\{(x,y)|y_{1},\dots,y_{r}\geq 0,\ \sum_{\ell=1}^{r}y_{\ell}\leq 1,\ x_{1},\dots,x_{n}\geq 0,\ \sum_{k=1}^{n}x_{k}\leq L(y)\Big\}

    with L⁡(y)=a0+∑ℓ=1r(aℓ−a0)​yℓL(y)=a_{0}+\sum_{\ell=1}^{r}(a_{\ell}-a_{0})y_{\ell}. Using the convention y0=1−∑ℓ=1ryℓy_{0}=1-\sum_{\ell=1}^{r}y_{\ell} and x0=L⁡(y)−∑k=1nxkx_{0}=L(y)-\sum_{k=1}^{n}x_{k}, then L⁡(y)=∑ℓ=0raℓ​yℓL(y)=\sum_{\ell=0}^{r}a_{\ell}y_{\ell} and the polytope Δ\Delta can be written as

    {(x,y)|y0,…,yr≥0,x0,…,xn≥0}.\Big\{(x,y)|y_{0},\dots,y_{r}\geq 0,\ x_{0},\dots,x_{n}\geq 0\Big\}.
  4. (4)

    The Legendre-Fenchel dual of ψ∞\psi_{\infty} is the concave function ψ∞∨:Δ→ℝ\psi_{\infty}^{\vee}\colon\Delta\to\mathbb{R} defined, for (x,y)∈Δ(x,y)\in\Delta, as

    ψ∞∨​(x,y)=−12​(εr​(y1,…,yr)+L⁡(y)⋅εn​(x1L⁡(y),…,xnL⁡(y))),\psi^{\vee}_{\infty}(x,y)=-\frac{1}{2}\left(\varepsilon_{r}(y_{1},\dots,y_{r})+L(y)\cdot\varepsilon_{n}\left(\frac{x_{1}}{L(y)},\dots,\frac{x_{n}}{L(y)}\right)\right),

    where, for k≥0k\geq 0, εk\varepsilon_{k} is the function defined in (3.54). For v≠∞v\neq\infty, the concave function ψv∨\psi^{\vee}_{v} is the indicator function of Δ\Delta.

Proof.

By Corollary 5.17, we have Ψ=rec⁡(ψ∞)\Psi=\operatorname{rec}(\psi_{\infty}). By equation (3.49), we have rec⁡(ψ∞)=limλ→∞λ−1​ψ∞​(λ⁡(u,v))\operatorname{rec}(\psi_{\infty})=\lim_{\lambda\to\infty}\lambda^{-1}\psi_{\infty}(\lambda(u,v)). Statement (2) follows readily from this and from the expression for ψ∞\psi_{\infty} in Lemma 8.17.

The function Ψ\Psi is strictly concave on Σ\Sigma, because 𝒪ℙ⁡(E)​(1){\mathcal{O}}_{\mathbb{P}(E)}(1) is an ample line bundle. Hence Σ=Π⁡(Ψ)\Sigma=\Pi(\Psi) and this is the fan described in statement (1).

Let (e1∨,…,en∨,f1∨,…,fr∨)(e_{1}^{\vee},\dots,e_{n}^{\vee},f_{1}^{\vee},\dots,f_{r}^{\vee}) be the dual basis of MM induced by the basis of NN. By Proposition 3.64 and statement (2), we have

Δ=conv⁡(0,(a0​ek∨)1≤k≤n,(fℓ∨)1≤ℓ≤r,(aℓ​ek∨+fℓ∨)1≤ℓ≤r1≤k≤n).\Delta=\operatorname{conv}\bigg(0,(a_{0}e^{\vee}_{k})_{1\leq k\leq n},(f^{\vee}_{\ell})_{1\leq\ell\leq r},(a_{\ell}e^{\vee}_{k}+f^{\vee}_{\ell})_{\stackrel{{\scriptstyle 1\leq k\leq n}}{{\scriptscriptstyle 1\leq\ell\leq r}}}\bigg).

Statement (3) follows readily from this.

For the first part of statement (4), it suffices to compute the Legendre-Fenchel dual of ψ∞\psi_{\infty} at a point (x,y)(x,y) in the interior of the polytope. Lemma 8.17 shows that ψ∞\psi_{\infty} is strictly concave. Hence, by Theorem 3.52(3), ∇ψ∞\nabla\psi_{\infty} is a homeomorphism between NℝN_{\mathbb{R}} and Δ∘\Delta^{\circ}. Thus, there exist a unique (u,v)∈Nℝ(u,v)\in N_{\mathbb{R}} such that, for i=1,…,ni=1,\dots,n and j=1,…,rj=1,\dots,r,

xi=∂ψ∞∂ui​(u,v),yj=∂ψ∞∂vj​(u,v).x_{i}=\frac{\partial\psi_{\infty}}{\partial u_{i}}(u,v),\quad y_{j}=\frac{\partial\psi_{\infty}}{\partial v_{j}}(u,v).

We use the conventions x0=L⁡(y)−∑i=1nxix_{0}=L(y)-\sum_{i=1}^{n}x_{i}, y0=1−∑j=1ryjy_{0}=1-\sum_{j=1}^{r}y_{j}, and u0=v0=0u_{0}=v_{0}=0 as before, and also η=∑i=0ne−2​ui\eta=\sum_{i=0}^{n}\operatorname{e}^{-2u_{i}} and ψ=ψ∞\psi=\psi_{\infty}, so that −2​ψ=log⁡(∑j=0re−2​vj⁡ηaj)-2\psi=\log\big(\sum_{j=0}^{r}\operatorname{e}^{-2v_{j}}\eta^{a_{j}}\big). Computing the gradient of ψ\psi, we obtain, for i=1,…,ni=1,\dots,n and j=1,…,rj=1,\dots,r,

xi​e−2​ψ=(∑j=0raj​ηaj−1​e−2​vj)​e−2​ui,yj​e−2​ψ=ηaj​e−2​vj.x_{i}\operatorname{e}^{-2\psi}=\Big(\sum_{j=0}^{r}a_{j}\eta^{a_{j}-1}\operatorname{e}^{-2v_{j}}\Big)\operatorname{e}^{-2u_{i}},\quad y_{j}\operatorname{e}^{-2\psi}=\eta^{a_{j}}\operatorname{e}^{-2v_{j}}.

Combining these expressions, we obtain, for i=0,…,ni=0,\dots,n and j=0,…,rj=0,\dots,r,

xiL⁡(y)=e−2​uiη,yj=e−2​vj+2​ψηaj.\frac{x_{i}}{L(y)}=\frac{\operatorname{e}^{-2u_{i}}}{\eta},\quad y_{j}=\frac{\operatorname{e}^{-2v_{j}+2\psi}}{\eta^{a_{j}}}.

From the case i=0i=0 we deduce η=L⁡(y)/x0\eta=L(y)/x_{0} and from the case j=0j=0 it results 2​ψ=log⁡(y0)+a0​log⁡(x0/L⁡(y))2\psi=\log(y_{0})+a_{0}\log(x_{0}/L(y)). From this, one can verify

ui=12​log⁡(x0xi),vj=12​log⁡(y0yj)+a0−aj2​log⁡(x0L⁡(y)).u_{i}=\frac{1}{2}\log\Big(\frac{x_{0}}{x_{i}}\Big),\quad v_{j}=\frac{1}{2}\log\Big(\frac{y_{0}}{y_{j}}\Big)+\frac{a_{0}-a_{j}}{2}\log\Big(\frac{x_{0}}{L(y)}\Big).

From Theorem 3.52(4), we have ψ∨​(x,y)=⟨x,u⟩+⟨y,v⟩−ψ⁡(u,v)\psi^{\vee}(x,y)=\langle x,u\rangle+\langle y,v\rangle-\psi(u,v). Inserting the expressions above for ψ\psi, uiu_{i} and vjv_{j} in terms of x,yx,y, we obtain the stated formula.

For v≠∞v\neq\infty, we have ψv=Ψ\psi_{v}=\Psi. The last statement follows from Example 3.16. ∎

Proposition 4.37 and Theorem 6.37 imply

(8.21) deg𝒪ℙ⁡(E)​(1)⁡(ℙ⁡(E))\displaystyle\deg_{{\mathcal{O}}_{\mathbb{P}(E)}(1)}(\mathbb{P}(E)) =(n+r)!​vol⁡(Δ),\displaystyle=(n+r)!\operatorname{vol}(\Delta),
h𝒪ℙ⁡(E)​(1)¯⁡(ℙ⁡(E))\displaystyle\operatorname{h}_{\overline{{\mathcal{O}}_{\mathbb{P}(E)}(1)}}(\mathbb{P}(E)) =(n+r+1)!​∫Δψ∞∨​d​x​d​y,\displaystyle=(n+r+1)!\int_{\Delta}\psi^{\vee}_{\infty}\ \,\text{\rm d}x\,\,\text{\rm d}y,

where, for short, d​x\,\text{\rm d}x and d​y\,\text{\rm d}y stand for d​x1​…​d​xn\,\text{\rm d}x_{1}\dots\,\text{\rm d}x_{n} and d​y1​…​d​yr\,\text{\rm d}y_{1}\dots\,\text{\rm d}y_{r}, respectively.

We now compute these volume and integral giving the degree and the height of ℙ⁡(E)\mathbb{P}(E). We show, in particular, that the height is a rational number. Recall that Δr\Delta^{r} and Δn\Delta^{n} are the standard simplexes of ℝr\mathbb{R}^{r} and ℝn\mathbb{R}^{n}, respectively.

Lemma 8.22.

With the above notation, we have

(8.23) deg𝒪ℙ⁡(E)​(1)⁡(ℙ⁡(E))=(n+r)!n!​∫ΔrL​(y)n​d​y\displaystyle\deg_{{\mathcal{O}}_{\mathbb{P}(E)}(1)}(\mathbb{P}(E))=\frac{(n+r)!}{n!}\int_{\Delta^{r}}L(y)^{n}\,\text{\rm d}y
(8.24) h𝒪ℙ⁡(E)​(1)¯⁡(ℙ⁡(E))=(n+r+1)!(n+1)!​h𝒪⁡(1)¯⁡(ℙn)​∫ΔrL​(y)n+1​d​y\displaystyle\operatorname{h}_{\overline{{\mathcal{O}}_{\mathbb{P}(E)}(1)}}(\mathbb{P}(E))=\frac{(n+r+1)!}{(n+1)!}\operatorname{h}_{{\overline{{\mathcal{O}}(1)}}}(\mathbb{P}^{n})\int_{\Delta^{r}}L(y)^{n+1}\,\text{\rm d}y
−(n+r+1)!2​n!∫ΔrL(y)nεr(y)dy,\displaystyle\hskip 160.0pt-\frac{(n+r+1)!}{2\,n!}\int_{\Delta^{r}}L(y)^{n}\varepsilon_{r}(y)\,\text{\rm d}y,

where h𝒪⁡(1)¯⁡(ℙn)=∑h=1n∑j=1h12​j\operatorname{h}_{{\overline{{\mathcal{O}}(1)}}}(\mathbb{P}^{n})=\sum_{h=1}^{n}\sum_{j=1}^{h}\frac{1}{2j} is the height of the projective space relative to the Fubini-Study metric.

Proof.

Equation (8.21) shows that the degree of ℙ⁡(E)\mathbb{P}(E) is equal to (n+r)!​vol⁡(Δ)(n+r)!\operatorname{vol}(\Delta). The same equation together with Proposition 8.20(4) gives that the height of ℙ⁡(E)\mathbb{P}(E) is equal to :

(8.25) −(n+r+1)!2​(∫Δεr​(y)​d​x​d​y+∫ΔL⁡(y)⋅εn​(L​(y)−1​x)​d​x​d​y).-\frac{(n+r+1)!}{2}\left(\int_{\Delta}\varepsilon_{r}(y)\,\text{\rm d}x\,\text{\rm d}y+\int_{\Delta}L(y)\cdot\varepsilon_{n}(L(y)^{-1}x)\,\text{\rm d}x\,\text{\rm d}y\right).

Let I1I_{1} and I2I_{2} be the two above integrals. Observe Δ=⋃y∈Δr({y}×L⁡(y)⋅Δn)\Delta=\bigcup_{y\in\Delta^{r}}(\{y\}\times L(y)\cdot\Delta^{n}). Then

vol⁡(Δ)\displaystyle\operatorname{vol}(\Delta) =∫Δr(∫L⁡(y)⋅Δn𝑑x)​d​y=1n!​∫ΔrL​(y)n​d​y,\displaystyle=\int_{\Delta^{r}}\left(\int_{L(y)\cdot\Delta^{n}}dx\right)\,\text{\rm d}y=\frac{1}{n!}\int_{\Delta^{r}}L(y)^{n}\,\text{\rm d}y,
I1\displaystyle I_{1} =∫Δr(∫L⁡(y)⋅Δnd​x)​εr​(y)​d​y=1n!​∫ΔrL​(y)n​εr​(y)​d​y,\displaystyle=\int_{\Delta^{r}}\left(\int_{L(y)\cdot\Delta^{n}}\,\text{\rm d}x\right)\varepsilon_{r}(y)\,\text{\rm d}y=\frac{1}{n!}\int_{\Delta^{r}}L(y)^{n}\varepsilon_{r}(y)\,\text{\rm d}y,

since ∫L⁡(y)⋅Δnd​x=L​(y)n/n!\int_{L(y)\cdot\Delta^{n}}\,\text{\rm d}x=L(y)^{n}/n!. And, for the second integral,

I2\displaystyle I_{2} =∫ΔrL⁡(y)​(∫L⁡(y)⋅Δnεn​(L​(y)−1​x)​d​x)​d​y\displaystyle=\int_{\Delta^{r}}L(y)\left(\int_{L(y)\cdot\Delta^{n}}\varepsilon_{n}(L(y)^{-1}x)\,\text{\rm d}x\right)\,\text{\rm d}y
=(∫ΔrL(y)n+1dy)⋅(∫Δnεn(x)dx)=−2​h𝒪⁡(1)¯​(ℙn)(n+1)!∫ΔrL(y)n+1dy.\displaystyle=\left(\int_{\Delta^{r}}L(y)^{n+1}\,\text{\rm d}y\right)\cdot\left(\int_{\Delta^{n}}\varepsilon_{n}(x)\,\text{\rm d}x\right)=-\frac{2\operatorname{h}_{{\overline{{\mathcal{O}}(1)}}}(\mathbb{P}^{n})}{(n+1)!}\int_{\Delta^{r}}L(y)^{n+1}\,\text{\rm d}y.

since ∫L⁡(y)⋅Δnεn​(L​(y)−1​x)​d​x=L​(y)n​∫Δnεn​(x)​d​x\int_{L(y)\cdot\Delta^{n}}\varepsilon_{n}(L(y)^{-1}x)\,\text{\rm d}x=L(y)^{n}\int_{\Delta^{n}}\varepsilon_{n}(x)\,\text{\rm d}x and

∫Δnεn​(x)​d​x=−1(n+1)!⋅∑h=1n∑j=1h1j=−2​h𝒪⁡(1)¯​(ℙn)(n+1)!.\int_{\Delta^{n}}\varepsilon_{n}(x)\,\text{\rm d}x=\frac{-1}{(n+1)!}\cdot\sum_{h=1}^{n}\sum_{j=1}^{h}\frac{1}{j}=-\frac{2\operatorname{h}_{{\overline{{\mathcal{O}}(1)}}}(\mathbb{P}^{n})}{(n+1)!}.

The expression for vol⁡(Δ)\operatorname{vol}(\Delta) gives the formula for the degree. Carrying the expressions of I1I_{1} and I2I_{2} in (8.25) concludes the proof of Lemma 8.22. ∎

Proposition 8.26.

In the above setting, one has :

deg𝒪ℙ⁡(E)​(1)⁡(ℙ⁡(E))\displaystyle\deg_{{\mathcal{O}}_{\mathbb{P}(E)}(1)}(\mathbb{P}(E)) =∑i0,…,ir∈ℕi0+⋯+ir=na0i0​…​arir\displaystyle=\sum_{{i_{0},\dots,i_{r}\in{\mathbb{N}}}\atop{i_{0}+\dots+i_{r}=n}}a_{0}^{i_{0}}\dots a_{r}^{i_{r}}
h𝒪ℙ⁡(E)​(1)¯⁡(ℙ⁡(E))\displaystyle\operatorname{h}_{{\overline{{\mathcal{O}}_{\mathbb{P}(E)}(1)}}}(\mathbb{P}(E)) =(∑i0,…,ir∈ℕi0+⋯+ir=n+1a0i0​…​arir)​h𝒪ℙn​(1)¯⁡(ℙn)\displaystyle=\left(\sum_{{i_{0},\dots,i_{r}\in{\mathbb{N}}}\atop{i_{0}+\dots+i_{r}=n+1}}a_{0}^{i_{0}}\dots a_{r}^{i_{r}}\right)\operatorname{h}_{{\overline{{\mathcal{O}}_{\mathbb{P}^{n}}(1)}}}(\mathbb{P}^{n})
+∑i0,…,ir∈ℕi0+⋯+ir=na0i0…arirAn,r(i0,…,ir),\displaystyle\kern 99.58464pt+\sum_{{i_{0},\dots,i_{r}\in{\mathbb{N}}}\atop{i_{0}+\dots+i_{r}=n}}a_{0}^{i_{0}}\dots a_{r}^{i_{r}}A_{n,r}(i_{0},\dots,i_{r}),

where An,r​(i0,…,ir)=∑m=0r(im+1)​∑j=im+2n+r+112​jA_{n,r}(i_{0},\dots,i_{r})=\sum_{m=0}^{r}(i_{m}+1)\sum_{j=i_{m}+2}^{n+r+1}\frac{1}{2j}. In particular, the height of ℙ⁡(E)\mathbb{P}(E) is a positive rational number.

Proof.

To prove this result it suffices to compute the two integrals appearing in Lemma 8.22. However

L⁡(y)=a0+∑ℓ=1r(aℓ−a0)​yℓ=a0​y0+⋯+ar​yr,L(y)=a_{0}+\sum_{\ell=1}^{r}(a_{\ell}-a_{0})y_{\ell}=a_{0}y_{0}+\dots+a_{r}y_{r},

with y0=1−y1−⋯−yry_{0}=1-y_{1}-\dots-y_{r}, and therefore

L​(y)n=∑|α|=nα∈ℕr+1(nα0,…,αr)​∏ℓ=0r(aℓ​yℓ)αℓL(y)^{n}=\sum_{\stackrel{{\scriptstyle\alpha\in\mathbb{N}^{r+1}}}{{\scriptscriptstyle|\alpha|=n}}}\binom{n}{\alpha_{0},\dots,\alpha_{r}}\prod_{\ell=0}^{r}(a_{\ell}y_{\ell})^{\alpha_{\ell}}

and similarly for L​(y)n+1L(y)^{n+1}. Now, Corollary 7.19 gives :

∫Δry0α0​y1α1​…​yrαr​d​y\displaystyle\int_{\Delta^{r}}y_{0}^{\alpha_{0}}y_{1}^{\alpha_{1}}\dots y_{r}^{\alpha_{r}}\,\text{\rm d}y =α0!​…​αr!(|α|+r)!,\displaystyle=\frac{\alpha_{0}!\dots\alpha_{r}!}{(|\alpha|+r)!},
∫Δry0α0​y1α1​…​yrαr​log⁡(yj)​d​y\displaystyle\int_{\Delta^{r}}y_{0}^{\alpha_{0}}y_{1}^{\alpha_{1}}\dots y_{r}^{\alpha_{r}}\log(y_{j})\,\text{\rm d}y =−α0!​…​αr!(|α|+r)!∑ℓ=αj+1|α|+r1ℓ,\displaystyle=-\frac{\alpha_{0}!\dots\alpha_{r}!}{(|\alpha|+r)!}\sum_{\ell=\alpha_{j}+1}^{|\alpha|+r}\frac{1}{\ell},

which, combined with the above expression for L​(y)nL(y)^{n} and L​(y)n+1L(y)^{n+1}, gives

∫ΔrL​(y)n​𝑑y\displaystyle\int_{\Delta^{r}}L(y)^{n}dy =∑|α|=nα∈ℕr+1n!(n+r)!​∏ℓ=0raℓαℓ=∑i0+⋯+ir=ni0,…,ir∈ℕ∏ℓ=0raℓiℓ\displaystyle=\sum_{\stackrel{{\scriptstyle\alpha\in\mathbb{N}^{r+1}}}{{\scriptscriptstyle|\alpha|=n}}}\frac{n!}{(n+r)!}\prod_{\ell=0}^{r}a_{\ell}^{\alpha_{\ell}}=\sum_{\stackrel{{\scriptstyle i_{0},\dots,i_{r}\in\mathbb{N}}}{{\scriptscriptstyle i_{0}+\dots+i_{r}=n}}}\prod_{\ell=0}^{r}a_{\ell}^{i_{\ell}}
∫ΔrL​(y)n+1​𝑑y\displaystyle\int_{\Delta^{r}}L(y)^{n+1}dy =∑|α|=n+1α∈ℕr+1(n+1)!(n+1+r)!​∏ℓ=0raℓαℓ=∑i0+⋯+ir=n+1i0,…,ir∈ℕ∏ℓ=0raℓiℓ\displaystyle=\sum_{\stackrel{{\scriptstyle\alpha\in\mathbb{N}^{r+1}}}{{\scriptscriptstyle|\alpha|=n+1}}}\frac{(n+1)!}{(n+1+r)!}\prod_{\ell=0}^{r}a_{\ell}^{\alpha_{\ell}}=\sum_{\stackrel{{\scriptstyle i_{0},\dots,i_{r}\in\mathbb{N}}}{{\scriptscriptstyle i_{0}+\dots+i_{r}=n+1}}}\prod_{\ell=0}^{r}a_{\ell}^{i_{\ell}}
∫ΔrL​(y)n​εr​(y)​𝑑y\displaystyle\int_{\Delta^{r}}L(y)^{n}\varepsilon_{r}(y)dy =−∑m=0r∑|α|=nα∈ℕr+1n!​(αm+1)(n+1+r)!(∏ℓ=0raℓαℓ)∑ℓ=αm+2n+1+r1ℓ\displaystyle=-\sum_{m=0}^{r}\sum_{\stackrel{{\scriptstyle\alpha\in\mathbb{N}^{r+1}}}{{\scriptscriptstyle|\alpha|=n}}}\frac{n!(\alpha_{m}+1)}{(n+1+r)!}\bigg(\prod_{\ell=0}^{r}a_{\ell}^{\alpha_{\ell}}\bigg)\sum_{\ell=\alpha_{m}+2}^{n+1+r}\frac{1}{\ell}
=−n!(n+1+r)!∑i0+⋯+ir=ni0,…,ir∈ℕ(∏ℓ=0raℓiℓ)∑m=0r(im+1)∑ℓ=im+2n+1+r1ℓ\displaystyle=-\frac{n!}{(n+1+r)!}\sum_{\stackrel{{\scriptstyle i_{0},\dots,i_{r}\in\mathbb{N}}}{{\scriptscriptstyle i_{0}+\dots+i_{r}=n}}}\bigg(\prod_{\ell=0}^{r}a_{\ell}^{i_{\ell}}\bigg)\sum_{m=0}^{r}(i_{m}+1)\sum_{\ell=i_{m}+2}^{n+1+r}\frac{1}{\ell}
=−2​n!(n+1+r)!∑i0+⋯+ir=ni0,…,ir∈ℕ(∏ℓ=0raℓiℓ)An,r(i0,…,ir).\displaystyle=-\frac{2\,n!}{(n+1+r)!}\sum_{\stackrel{{\scriptstyle i_{0},\dots,i_{r}\in\mathbb{N}}}{{\scriptscriptstyle i_{0}+\dots+i_{r}=n}}}\bigg(\prod_{\ell=0}^{r}a_{\ell}^{i_{\ell}}\bigg)A_{n,r}(i_{0},\dots,i_{r}).

The statement follows from these expressions together with Lemma 8.22. ∎

Remark 8.27.

We check A1,1​(0,1)=A1,1​(1,0)=3/4A_{1,1}(0,1)=A_{1,1}(1,0)={3}/{4}. Let b≥0b\geq 0 and let 𝒪𝔽b​(1)¯{\overline{{\mathcal{O}}_{\mathbb{F}_{b}}(1)}} the adelic line bundle on 𝔽b\mathbb{F}_{b} associated to a0=1a_{0}=1 and a1=b+1a_{1}=b+1. Putting n=r=1n=r=1, a0=1a_{0}=1 and a1=b+1a_{1}=b+1 in Proposition 8.26, we recover the expression for the height of Hirzebruch surfaces established in [Mou06]: h𝒪𝔽b​(1)¯⁡(𝔽b)=12​b2+94​b+3\operatorname{h}_{{\overline{{\mathcal{O}}_{\mathbb{F}_{b}}(1)}}}(\mathbb{F}_{b})=\frac{1}{2}b^{2}+\frac{9}{4}b+3.

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