4.6. π -Cartier divisors on toric schemes [02RL]
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4.6. -Cartier divisors on toric schemes
The theory of -Cartier divisors carries over to the case of toric schemes over a DVR. Let be a toric scheme over with torus . There are two morphisms from to : the toric action, that we denote by , and the second projection, that we denote by . A Cartier divisor on is called a -Cartier divisor if
-Cartier divisors over a toric scheme can be described combinatorially. For simplicity, we will discuss only the case of proper schemes. So, let be a complete SCR polyhedral complex in , and the corresponding toric scheme. Let be an H-lattice function on (Definitions 3.88 and 3.60). Then defines a -Cartier divisor in a way similar to the one for toric varieties over a field. We recall that the schemes form an open cover of . Choose a set of defining vectors of . Then we set
where we are using the identification (4.57). The divisor only depends on and not on a particular choice of defining vectors.
We consider now toric varieties and -Cartier divisors over as models of toric varieties and -Cartier divisors over .
Definition 4.74.
Let be a complete fan in and a virtual support function on . Let be the associated toric variety and -Cartier divisor defined over . A toric model of is a triple , where is a toric model over of , is a -Cartier divisor on and is an integer such that the isomorphism that extends the identity of satisfies . When , the toric model will be denoted simply by . A toric model will be called proper whenever the scheme is proper over .
Example 4.75.
We continue with Example 4.62. The function is an H-lattice concave function on and is a proper toric model of .
This example can be generalized as follows.
Definition 4.76.
Let be a complete fan in and let be a virtual support function on . Then is a complete SCR polyhedral complex in and is a rational piecewise affine function on . Then is a model over of , which is called the canonical model.
Definition 4.77.
Let be a toric scheme and a line bundle on . A toric structure on is the choice of an element of the fibre , where is the distinguished point. A toric line bundle on is a pair , where is a line bundle over and is a toric structure on . Frequently, when the toric structure is clear from the context, the element will be omitted from the notation and a toric line bundle will be denoted by the underlying line bundle. A toric section is a rational section that is regular and non vanishing over the principal open subset and such that . Exactly as in the case of toric varieties over a field, each -Cartier divisor defines a toric line bundle together with a toric section. When the -Cartier divisor comes from an H-lattice function , the toric line bundle and toric section will be denoted and respectively.
In this section we will mainly use the language of -Cartier divisors, but in Β§6 we will prefer the language of toric line bundles.
The following result follows directly form the definitions.
Proposition 4.78.
Let be a toric variety with a -Cartier divisor. Every toric model of induces a model of , in the sense of Definition 2.16, where the identification of with matches the toric sections. Such models will be called toric models.
Proposition-Definition 4.79.
We say that two toric models , , are equivalent, if there exists a toric model of and morphisms of toric models , , such that . This is an equivalence relation.
Proof.
Symmetry and reflexivity are straightforward. For transitivity assume that we have toric models , , that the first and second model are equivalent through and that the second and the third are equivalent through . Then, by Theorem 4.60, and are defined by SCR polyhedral complexes and respectively, with . Let . By Lemma 3.11, . Thus determines a model of . This model has morphisms and to and respectively. We put and . Now it is easy to verify that provides the transitivity property. β
We are interested in proper toric models and equivalence classes because, by Definition 2.17, a proper toric model of induces an algebraic metric on . By Proposition 2.18, equivalent toric models define the same algebraic metric.
We can classify proper models of -Cartier divisors (and therefore of toric line bundles) in terms of H-lattice functions. We first recall the classification of -Cartier divisors.
Theorem 4.80.
Let be a complete SCR polyhedral complex in and let be the associated toric scheme over . The correspondence is an isomorphism between the group of H-lattice functions on and the group of -Cartier divisors on . Moreover, if and are two H-lattice functions on , then the divisors and are rationally equivalent if and only if is affine.
Proof.
The result follows from [KKMS73, Β§IV.3(h)]. β
We next derive the classification theorem for models of -Cartier divisors.
Theorem 4.81.
Let be a complete fan in and a virtual support function on . Then the correspondence is a bijection between:
-
the set of pairs , where is a complete SCR polyhedral complex in with = and is an H-lattice function on such that ;
-
the set of isomorphism classes of toric models of .
Proof.
Denote by the open immersion of the generic fibre. The recession function (Definition 3.85) determines the restriction of the -Cartier divisor to the fibre over the generic point. Therefore, when is an H-lattice function on with , we have that
| (4.82) |
Thus is a toric model of . The statement follows from Theorem 4.60 and Theorem 4.80. β
Remark 4.83.
Let be a complete fan in and a virtual support function on . Let be a toric model of . Then, by Theorem 4.81, there exists a complete SCR polyhedral complex in with and a rational piecewise affine function on such that is an H-lattice function, and . Moreover, if is another toric model that gives the function , then both models are equivalent if and only if . Thus, to every toric model we have associated a rational piecewise affine function on such that . Two equivalent models give rise to the same function.
The converse is not true. Given a rational piecewise affine function , with , we can find a complete SCR polyhedral complex such that is piecewise affine on . But, in general does not agree with . What we can expect is that is a refinement of . Therefore the function gives us an equivalence class of toric models of . But may not determine an equivalence class of toric models of . In Corollary 5.43 in next section we will give a necessary condition for a function to define an equivalence class of toric models of and in Example 5.44 we will exhibit a function that does not satisfy this necessary condition. By contrast, as we will see in Theorem 4.97, the concave case is much more transparent.
The correspondence between -Cartier divisors and -Weil divisors has to take into account that we have two types of orbits. Each vertex defines a vertical invariant prime Weil divisor and every ray defines a horizontal prime Weil divisor . If is a vertex, by Lemma 4.69, its multiplicity is the smallest positive integer such that . If is a ray, we denote by the smallest lattice point of .
Proposition 4.84.
Let be an H-lattice function on . Let be the associated -Cartier divisor. Then the corresponding -Weil divisor is given by
| (4.85) |
Proof.
Example 4.86.
Consider the constant H-lattice function . This function corresponds to the principal divisor . Then
| (4.87) |
Thus, for a vertex , the multiplicity of agrees with the multiplicity of the divisor in the special fibre . In particular, the special fibre is reduced if and only if all vertexes of belong to .
We next study the restriction of -Cartier divisors to orbits and their inverse image by equivariant morphisms. Let be a complete SCR polyhedral complex in , and an H-lattice function on . Set , and . Choose sets of defining vectors and for and , respectively.
Let . We describe the restriction of to , the closure of a horizontal orbit. As in the case of toric varieties over a field, we first consider the case when . Recall that agrees with the toric scheme associated to the polyhedral complex and that each element of is the image by of a polyhedron with . The condition implies that we can define
| (4.88) |
for any such that . The function can also be described in terms of defining vectors. For each with , we will denote for its image by . For each as before, the condition implies that . Hence we define for with .
Proposition 4.89.
If then the divisor and the horizontal orbit intersect properly. Moreover, the set is a set of defining vectors of and the restriction of to is .
Proof.
The proof is analogous to the proof of Proposition 4.31. β
If , then and do not intersect properly and we can only restrict with up to rational equivalence. To this end, we consider the divisor , that is rationally equivalent to and intersects properly with . The restriction of this divisor to corresponds to the H-lattice function as defined above.
Let now be a polyhedron. We will denote by and the projections and by and the dual maps. We will use the same notation for the linear maps obtained by tensoring with .
We first assume that . If , then there exists a polyhedron with a face of and a point that is sent to under the projection . Then we set
| (4.90) |
The condition implies that the above equation does not depend on the choice of .
We can describe also in terms of defining vectors. For each cone let be the polyhedron that has as a face and such that is mapped to by . The condition implies that . We set .
Proposition 4.91.
If then the divisor intersects properly the orbit . Moreover, the set is a set of defining vectors of and the restriction of to is the divisor .
Proof.
The proof is analogous to that of Proposition 4.31. β
As before, when , we can only restrict to up to rational equivalence. In this case we just apply the previous proposition to the function .
Example 4.92.
We particularize (4.90) to the case of one-dimensional vertical orbits. Let be a -dimensional polyhedron. Hence is a vertical curve. Let and be the two -dimensional polyhedron that have as a common face. Let such that the class is a generator of the lattice and the affine space meets . This second condition fixes one of the two generators of . Then, by equation (4.25)
| (4.93) |
We end this section discussing the inverse image of a -Cartier divisor by an equivariant morphisms. With the notation of Proposition 4.72, let be an H-lattice function on , and a set of defining vectors of . For each we choose a polyhedron such that . We set and . The following proposition follows easily.
Proposition 4.94.
The divisor intersects properly the image of . The function is an H-lattice function on and
Moreover, is a set of defining vectors of .