5.5. The one-dimensional case
We now study in detail the one-dimensional case. Besides being a
concrete example of the relationship between functions, models,
metrics, and measures, it is also a crucial step in the proof that a
toric metric
is semipositive if and only if the corresponding function is
concave. Of this equivalence, up to now we have proved only one
implication and the reverse implication will be proved in the next
section.
The only complete
one-dimensional toric variety over a field is the projective
line. Since, by Proposition 5.53 and Proposition
2.35 we know the effect of taking finite extensions of the
field , we can use the following result to reduce any model of
to a simpler form.
Definition 5.54.
Let be a field complete with respect to an absolute value
associated to a nontrivial discrete valuation. Let be
the ring of integers. Let be a
proper curve over . A semi-stable
model of is a
flat proper regular scheme of finite type over with an
isomorphism , such that the special fibre
is a reduced normal crossing divisor.
Proposition 5.55.
Let be a field complete with respect to an absolute value
associated to a nontrivial discrete valuation. Let be
the ring of integers. Let be a
proper model over of .
Then there exists a
finite extension of with ring of integers ,
a semi-stable model of , and
a proper morphism of models .
Proof.
This follows, for instance, from [Liu06, Corollary 2.8].
∎
Consider the toric variety
. We can choose an isomorphism
and . Then . Let denote the invariant point of
corresponding to the cone and the invariant point
corresponding to the cone .
Let denote the
absolute coordinate of given by the monomial .
Let be a semi-stable model of . By extending
scalars if necessary, we may suppose that all the components of the
special fibre are defined over and
contain a rational point. Since the special
fibre is connected and of genus zero, we deduce that
the special fibre is a tree
of rational curves, each isomorphic to . Let and
denote the horizontal divisors corresponding to the
point
and of . Then, there is
a chain of rational curves that links the divisor with
that is contained in the special fibre. We
will denote the irreducible components of the special fibre that form
this chain by
, in such a way that the component meets
, the component meets and, for ,
the component meets only and . The other
components of will be grouped in branches, each
branch has its root in one of the components . We will denote
by , the components that belong to a
branch with root in .
We are not giving any particular order to
the sets .
We denote by the intersection product of two -cycles of
.
Since the special fibre is reduced, we have
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Again by the assumption of semi-stability, the intersection product of
two different components of is either , if they
meet, or zero, if they do not meet. Since the intersection product of
with any component of is zero, we
deduce that, if is any component of
, the self-intersection product is equal
to minus the number of components that meet . In
particular, all components that are terminal, are
-curves. By Castelnuovo Criterion, we can successively blow-down
all the components
to obtain a new semi-stable model of whose
special fibre consist of a chain of rational curves. For reasons that
will become apparent later we denote this model as
.
Lemma 5.56.
If we view as a rational function on , then there is an
integer such that
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Proof.
It is clear that
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for certain coefficients and that we want to
determine as much as possible.
If a component of
, with coefficient
, does not meet nor , but meets other
components, and the coefficients of
of these components are equal to , while the coefficient of the
remaining component is , we obtain that
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Thus . Starting with the components that are terminal,
we deduce
that, for all and , . Therefore,
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In particular, the lemma is proved for . Assume now that
.
It only remains to show that , that we prove by
induction. For ,
we compute
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Thus . For , by induction hypothesis,
. Then
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Thus , proving the lemma.
∎
The determination of allows us to give a partial description
of the map . For us, the
most interesting points of are the points , , , and the generic points of the components
that we denote , .
Lemma 5.57.
Let . Then
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Proof.
Let . The rational function has a
zero of order one along the component and the support of its divisor
does not contain the component . On the other hand, the
rational function has a
zero of order one along the component and the support of its divisor
does not contain the component . Thus is a
system of parameters in a neighbourhood of . We denote
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The local ring at
the point is . Let be a
point such that . Therefore, for we have
. Moreover, if
, then
. Since the ideal is maximal, we deduce that, for , the condition
is equivalent to the condition . This
implies that . A similar
argument works for and .
Assume now that and that
. If we consider again the
ring , but in this case . Let
. It is clear that .
For , since , we have
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This implies that . Hence is the ideal
that defines the component and this is equivalent to
. The case is analogous.
∎
The image by of the remaining points of
is not characterized only by the value of . Using a proof
similar to that of the lemma, one can show that, if then
belongs either to or to any of the components , .
We denote by (resp. ) the point of corresponding to the component
(resp. ). That is, and , where is the generic point of
(see (2.15) and (2.14)).
Lemma 5.58.
Let . Then, for every ,
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where is the integer of Lemma 5.56.
Proof.
We consider the rational function . Since the
support of does not contain the component
nor any of the components , we have that
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Since , we deduce, using equation (5.4), that
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∎
Let now be a virtual support
function on . It can be written as
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for some .
Then, ,
and .
Let be a model over of . If we consider as a rational section of
, then
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for certain coefficients and . Let be
the metric on determined by this model.
Lemma 5.60.
The function is given by
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In other words,
if is the polyhedral complex in given by the
intervals
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then
is the rational piecewise affine function on
characterized by the conditions
- (1)
,
- (2)
the value of at the point is .
Proof.
Let be such that ,
hence . By Lemma 5.57, this implies
that . In a neighbourhood of , the divisor of
the rational
section is zero, and so
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Set . Then,
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The other cases are proved in a similar way.
∎
Since , this polyhedral
complex defines a toric model of .
Proposition 5.61.
The identity map of extend to an isomorphism of models
.
Proof.
The special fibre of is a chain of rational
curves , , corresponding to the points
. The monomial is a section of the trivial line
bundle and corresponds to the function . Using
Proposition
4.84 we obtain that
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where and are again the horizontal divisors
determined by the points and .
Since the vertices of the polyhedral complex are
integral, by equation (4.87), we deduce that
is reduced.
Then the result follows from [Lic68, Corollary 1.13] using
an explicit description of the local rings at the points of the
special fibre as in the proof of Lemma 5.57.
∎
From Proposition 5.61 we obtain a proper morphism
. On we had a line
bundle and was considered as a
rational section of this line bundle. Let be the divisor given by equation (5.59).
We denote
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By Proposition 4.84 and Lemma 5.60 we see that
. Thus is a toric
model of . Recall that denoted the metric
associated to the model . Let be the
toric metric obtained from as in
Proposition 5.51. By this proposition and equation
(5.62), the metric
agrees with the metric defined by the model
. Thus, we have identified a
toric model that corresponds to the metric . This allows
us to compute directly the associated measure.
Proposition 5.63.
Let be a
one-dimensional toric variety over . Let be a toric line bundle and let be an
algebraic metric defined by a semi-stable model and let
be the associated toric
metric. Then
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Proof.
Since the special fibre is reduced, by equation (2.29)
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Denote this measure temporarily by . Then
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In the previous computation, we have used that, since , then
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An analogous computation shows that
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∎
Using Proposition 5.55 we can extend the above result to the
case when the model is not semi-stable.
Corollary 5.65.
Let be a
one-dimensional toric variety over . Let be a toric line bundle, an
algebraic metric, and
the associated toric
metric. Then
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Proof.
Let be a model of that realizes the algebraic metric . For
short, denote and
. By
Proposition 5.55 there is a non-Archimedean field over
and a semi-stable model of . We may
further assume that all the components of the special fibre of
are defined over . Let
be the metrized line bundle obtained by base change to
. Then is obtained from by base
change. We denote by the map of analytic spaces. Be will denote by , , and the
corresponding objects for . Then, by Proposition
2.35 and Proposition 5.53,
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∎
We can now relate semipositivity of the metric with concavity of the
associated function on the one-dimensional case.
Corollary 5.66.
Let be a
one-dimensional toric variety over . Let be a toric line
bundle with a toric section and let be a
semipositive algebraic metric. Then is a semipositive
toric algebraic metric and is concave.
Proof.
Since is semipositive, is a positive measure. By Corollary 5.65,
is a
positive measure. Hence is a semipositive toric
metric. By equation (5.64) and Lemma 5.60, the
positivity of implies that the function is concave.
∎