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5.3. Smooth metrics and their associated measures [02TU]

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5.3. Smooth metrics and their associated measures

We now discuss the relationship between semipositivity of smooth metrics and concavity of the associated function in the Archimedean case. Moreover we will determine the associated measure.

In this section KK is either ℝ\mathbb{R} or ℂ\mathbb{C} and we fix a lattice NN of rank nn, a complete fan Σ\Sigma in NℝN_{\mathbb{R}} and a virtual support function Ψ\Psi on Σ\Sigma, with LL and ss the corresponding toric line bundle and section. Let XΣanX_{\Sigma}^{{\text{\rm an}}} be the complex analytic space associated to XΣX_{\Sigma} and LanL^{{\text{\rm an}}} the analytic line bundle associated to LL.

Proposition 5.29.

Let ∥⋅∥\|\cdot\| be a smooth toric metric on LanL^{{\text{\rm an}}}. Then ∥⋅∥\|\cdot\| is semipositive if and only if the function ψ=ψ∥⋅∥\psi=\psi_{\|\cdot\|} is concave.

Proof.

Since the condition of being semipositive is closed, it is enough to check it in the open set X0anX_{0}^{{\text{\rm an}}}. We choose an integral basis of M=N∨M=N^{\vee}. This determines isomorphisms

X0an≃(ℂ×)n,X0​(ℝ≥0)≃(ℝ>0)n,Nℂ≃ℂn,Nℝ≃ℝn.X_{0}^{{\text{\rm an}}}\simeq(\mathbb{C}^{\times})^{n},\quad X_{0}(\mathbb{R}_{\geq 0})\simeq(\mathbb{R}_{>0})^{n},\quad N_{\mathbb{C}}\simeq\mathbb{C}^{n},\quad N_{\mathbb{R}}\simeq\mathbb{R}^{n}.

Let z1,…,znz_{1},\dots,z_{n} be the coordinates of X0anX_{0}^{{\text{\rm an}}} and u1,…,unu_{1},\dots,u_{n} the coordinates of NℝN_{\mathbb{R}} determined by these isomorphisms. With these coordinates the map

val:X0an→Nℝ{\operatorname{val}}\colon X_{0}^{{\text{\rm an}}}\to N_{\mathbb{R}}

is given by

val⁡(z1,…,zn)=−12​(log⁡(z1​z¯1),…,log⁡(zn​z¯n)).{\operatorname{val}}(z_{1},\dots,z_{n})=\frac{-1}{2}(\log(z_{1}\bar{z}_{1}),\dots,\log(z_{n}\bar{z}_{n})).

As usual, we denote L¯=(L,∥⋅∥){\overline{L}}=(L,\|\cdot\|). Set g=gL¯,s=log⁡‖s‖g=g_{{\overline{L}},s}=\log\|s\|. Then, the integral valued first Chern class is given by

(5.30) 12​π​i​c1​(L¯)=1π​i​∂∂¯​g=−iπ​∑k,l∂2g∂zk​∂z¯l​d​zk∧d​z¯l.\frac{1}{2\pi i}c_{1}(\overline{L})=\frac{1}{\pi i}\partial\bar{\partial}g=\frac{-i}{\pi}\sum_{k,l}\frac{\partial^{2}g}{\partial z_{k}\partial\bar{z}_{l}}\,\text{\rm d}z_{k}\land\,\text{\rm d}\bar{z}_{l}.

The standard orientation of the unit disk 𝔻⊂ℂ\mathbb{D}\subset\mathbb{C} is given by d​x∧d​y=(i/2)​d​z∧d​z¯\,\text{\rm d}x\land\,\text{\rm d}y=(i/2)\,\text{\rm d}z\land\,\text{\rm d}\bar{z}. Hence, the metric of L¯{\overline{L}} is semipositive if and only if the matrix G=(∂2g∂zk​∂z¯l)k,lG=(\frac{\partial^{2}g}{\partial z_{k}\partial\bar{z}_{l}})_{k,l} is semi-negative definite. Since

(5.31) ∂2g∂zk​∂z¯l=14​zk​z¯l​∂2ψ∂uk​∂u¯l,\frac{\partial^{2}g}{\partial z_{k}\partial\bar{z}_{l}}=\frac{1}{4z_{k}\bar{z}_{l}}\frac{\partial^{2}\psi}{\partial u_{k}\partial\bar{u}_{l}},

if we write Hess⁡(ψ)=(∂2ψ∂uk​∂u¯l)k,l\operatorname{Hess}(\psi)=(\frac{\partial^{2}\psi}{\partial u_{k}\partial\bar{u}_{l}})_{k,l} and Z=diag⁡((2​z1)−1,…,(2​zn)−1)Z=\operatorname{diag}((2z_{1})^{-1},\dots,(2z_{n})^{-1}), then G=Z¯t​Hess⁡(ψ)​ZG=\bar{Z}^{t}\operatorname{Hess}(\psi)Z. Therefore GG is semi-negative definite if and only if Hess⁡(ψ)\operatorname{Hess}(\psi) is semi-negative definite, hence, if and only if ψ\psi is concave. ∎

The line bundle LanL^{{\text{\rm an}}} admits a semipositive metric is and only if Ψ\Psi is concave. Thus, from now on we assume that Ψ\Psi is a support function, that is, a concave support function.

Definition 5.32.

Let ψ:Nℝ→ℝ\psi\colon N_{\mathbb{R}}\to\mathbb{R} be a concave function such that |Ψ−ψ||\Psi-\psi| is bounded. Let ℳM​(ψ)\mathcal{M}_{M}(\psi) be the Monge-Ampère measure associated to ψ\psi and the lattice MM. We will denote by ℳ¯M​(ψ){\overline{\mathcal{M}}}_{M}(\psi) the measure on NΣN_{\Sigma} given by

ℳ¯M​(ψ)​(E)=ℳM​(ψ)​(E∩Nℝ){\overline{\mathcal{M}}}_{M}(\psi)(E)=\mathcal{M}_{M}(\psi)(E\cap N_{\mathbb{R}})

for any Borel subset of NΣN_{\Sigma}.

By its very definition, the measure ℳ¯M​(ψ){\overline{\mathcal{M}}}_{M}(\psi) is bounded with total mass

ℳ¯M​(ψ)​(NΣ)=volM⁡(ΔΨ){\overline{\mathcal{M}}}_{M}(\psi)(N_{\Sigma})=\operatorname{vol}_{M}(\Delta_{\Psi})

and the set NΣ∖NℝN_{\Sigma}\setminus N_{\mathbb{R}} has measure zero.

Theorem 5.33.

Let ∥⋅∥\|\cdot\| be a semipositive smooth toric metric on LanL^{{\text{\rm an}}}. Let c1​(L¯)n∧δXΣc_{1}({\overline{L}})^{n}\land\delta_{X_{\Sigma}} be the measure defined by L¯{\overline{L}}. Then,

(5.34) val∗⁡(c1​(L¯)n∧δXΣ)=n!​ℳ¯M​(ψ),{\operatorname{val}}_{\ast}(c_{1}({\overline{L}})^{n}\land\delta_{X_{\Sigma}})=n!{\overline{\mathcal{M}}}_{M}(\psi),

where val{\operatorname{val}} is the map of diagram (5.7). In addition, this measure is uniquely characterized by equation (5.34) and the property of being 𝕊an\mathbb{S}^{{\text{\rm an}}}-invariant.

Proof.

Since the measure c1​(L¯)n∧δXΣc_{1}({\overline{L}})^{n}\land\delta_{X_{\Sigma}} is given by a smooth volume form and XΣan∖X0anX^{{\text{\rm an}}}_{\Sigma}\setminus X^{{\text{\rm an}}}_{0} is a set of Lebesgue measure zero, the measure c1​(L¯)n∧δXΣc_{1}({\overline{L}})^{n}\land\delta_{X_{\Sigma}} is determined by its restriction to the dense open subset X0anX_{0}^{{\text{\rm an}}}. Thus, to prove equation (5.34) it is enough to show that

(5.35) val∗⁡(c1​(L¯)n∧δXΣ|X0an)=n!​ℳM​(ψ).{\operatorname{val}}_{\ast}(c_{1}({\overline{L}})^{n}\land\delta_{X_{\Sigma}}|_{X^{{\text{\rm an}}}_{0}})=n!\mathcal{M}_{M}(\psi).

We use the coordinate system of the proof of Proposition 5.29. We denote by 𝐞~:Nℂ→X0​(ℂ){\widetilde{{\operatorname{\mathbf{e}}}}}\colon N_{\mathbb{C}}\to X_{0}(\mathbb{C}) the map induced by the morphism ℂ→ℂ×\mathbb{C}\to\mathbb{C}^{\times} given by z↦exp⁡(−z)z\mapsto\exp(-z). We write uk+i​vku_{k}+iv_{k} for the complex coordinates of NℂN_{\mathbb{C}}. Then

(5.36) 𝐞~∗​(d​zk∧d​z¯kzk​z¯k)=(−2​i)​d​uk∧d​vk.{\widetilde{{\operatorname{\mathbf{e}}}}}^{\ast}\left(\frac{\,\text{\rm d}z_{k}\land\,\text{\rm d}\bar{z}_{k}}{z_{k}\bar{z}_{k}}\right)=(-2i)\,\text{\rm d}u_{k}\land\,\text{\rm d}v_{k}.

Using now equations (5.30), (5.31) and (5.36), we obtain that,

1(2​π​i)n​𝐞~∗​c1​(L¯)n\displaystyle\frac{1}{(2\pi i)^{n}}{\widetilde{{\operatorname{\mathbf{e}}}}}^{\ast}c_{1}({\overline{L}})^{n} =𝐞~∗​(1(i​π)n​n!​detG​d​z1∧d​z¯1∧⋯∧d​zn∧d​z¯n)\displaystyle={\widetilde{{\operatorname{\mathbf{e}}}}}^{\ast}\left(\frac{1}{(i\pi)^{n}}n!\det G\,\text{\rm d}z_{1}\land\,\text{\rm d}\bar{z}_{1}\land\dots\land\,\text{\rm d}z_{n}\land\,\text{\rm d}\bar{z}_{n}\right)
=(−1)n(2​π)n​n!​detHess⁡(ψ)​d​u1∧d​v1∧⋯∧d​un∧d​un.\displaystyle=\frac{(-1)^{n}}{(2\pi)^{n}}n!\det\operatorname{Hess}(\psi)\,\text{\rm d}u_{1}\land\,\text{\rm d}v_{1}\land\dots\land\,\text{\rm d}u_{n}\land\,\text{\rm d}u_{n}.

Since the map val{\operatorname{val}} is the composition of 𝐞~−1{\widetilde{{\operatorname{\mathbf{e}}}}}^{-1} with the projection Nℂ→NℝN_{\mathbb{C}}\to N_{\mathbb{R}}, integrating with respect to the variables v1,…,vnv_{1},\dots,v_{n} in the domain [0,2​π]n[0,2\pi]^{n}, taking into account the natural orientation of ℂn\mathbb{C}^{n} and the orientation of NℝN_{\mathbb{R}} given by the coordinate system, and the fact that the normalization factor 1/(2​π​i)n1/(2\pi i)^{n} is implicit in the current δXΣ\delta_{X_{\Sigma}}, we obtain

val∗⁡(c1​(L¯)n∧δXΣ|X0an)=(−1)n​n!​detHess⁡(ψ)​d​u1∧⋯∧d​un.{\operatorname{val}}_{\ast}(c_{1}({\overline{L}})^{n}\land\delta_{X_{\Sigma}}|_{X_{0}^{{\text{\rm an}}}})=(-1)^{n}n!\det\operatorname{Hess}(\psi)\,\text{\rm d}u_{1}\land\dots\land\,\text{\rm d}u_{n}.

Thus equation (5.35) follows from Proposition 3.94. Finally, the last statement follows from the fact that, in a compact Abelian group there is a unique Haar measure with fixed total volume. ∎

We end this section recalling how to obtain a toric metric from a non-toric one. Let LL be a toric line bundle on the toric variety XΣX_{\Sigma} and let ss be a toric section. If ∥⋅∥\|\cdot\| is a smooth, non-necessarily toric, metric, we can average it to obtain a toric metric. This averaging process preserves smoothness and semipositivity. Let μHaar\mu_{\operatorname{Haar}} be the Haar measure of 𝕊an\mathbb{S}^{{\text{\rm an}}} of total volume 1. Then we define the metric ∥⋅∥𝕊\|\cdot\|_{\mathbb{S}} over X0anX_{0}^{{\text{\rm an}}} by

(5.37) log⁡‖s⁡(p)‖𝕊=∫𝕊anlog⁡‖s⁡(t⋅p)‖​d​μHaar​(t).\log\|s(p)\|_{\mathbb{S}}=\int_{\mathbb{S}^{{\text{\rm an}}}}\log\|s(t\cdot p)\|\,\text{\rm d}\mu_{\operatorname{Haar}}(t).
Proposition 5.38.

The metric ∥⋅∥𝕊\|\cdot\|_{\mathbb{S}} extends to a toric smooth metric over XΣanX^{{\text{\rm an}}}_{\Sigma}. Moreover, if ∥⋅∥\|\cdot\| is semipositive then ∥⋅∥𝕊\|\cdot\|_{\mathbb{S}} is semipositive.

Proof.

Let ∥⋅∥′\|\cdot\|^{\prime} be any toric smooth metric. Then ∥⋅∥𝕊\|\cdot\|_{\mathbb{S}} extends to a smooth metric if and only if log⁡(‖s‖𝕊/‖s‖′)\log(\|s\|_{\mathbb{S}}/\|s\|^{\prime}) can be extended to a smooth function on XΣanX_{\Sigma}^{{\text{\rm an}}}. But we have

log⁡(‖s‖𝕊/‖s‖′)=∫𝕊anlog⁡(‖s⁡(t⋅p)‖/‖s⁡(t⋅p)‖′)​d​μHaar​(t)\log(\|s\|_{\mathbb{S}}/\|s\|^{\prime})=\int_{\mathbb{S}^{{\text{\rm an}}}}\log(\|s(t\cdot p)\|/\|s(t\cdot p)\|^{\prime})\,\text{\rm d}\mu_{\operatorname{Haar}}(t)

and the right-hand side can be extended to a smooth function on the whole XΣanX_{\Sigma}^{{\text{\rm an}}}. Clearly the metric ∥⋅∥𝕊\|\cdot\|_{\mathbb{S}} is toric. Moreover

c1(L,∥⋅∥𝕊)=∫𝕊ant∗c1(L,∥⋅∥)dμHaar(t).c_{1}(L,\|\cdot\|_{\mathbb{S}})=\int_{\mathbb{S}^{{\text{\rm an}}}}t^{\ast}c_{1}(L,\|\cdot\|)\,\text{\rm d}\mu_{\operatorname{Haar}}(t).

Therefore, if (L,∥⋅∥)(L,\|\cdot\|) is semipositive, then (L,∥⋅∥𝕊)(L,\|\cdot\|_{\mathbb{S}}) is semipositive. ∎

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