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2.1. Smooth metrics in the Archimedean case [02IG]

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2.1. Smooth metrics in the Archimedean case

Let XX be an algebraic variety over ℂ\mathbb{C} and XanX^{{\text{\rm an}}} its associated complex analytic space. We recall the definition of differential forms on XanX^{{\text{\rm an}}} introduced by Bloom and Herrera [BH69]. The space XanX^{{\text{\rm an}}} can be covered by a family of open subsets {Ui}i\{U_{i}\}_{i} such that each UiU_{i} can be identified with a closed analytic subset of an open ball in ℂr\mathbb{C}^{r} for some rr. On each UiU_{i}, the differential forms are defined as the restriction to this subset of smooth complex-valued differential forms defined on an open neighbourhood of UiU_{i} in ℂr\mathbb{C}^{r}. Two differential forms on UiU_{i} are identified if they coincide on the non-singular locus of UiU_{i}. We denote by 𝒜∗​(Ui)\mathscr{A^{\ast}}(U_{i}) the complex of differential forms of UiU_{i}, which is independent of the chosen embedding. In particular, if UiU_{i} is non-singular, we recover the usual complex of differential forms. These complexes glue together to define a sheaf 𝒜Xan∗\mathscr{A}^{\ast}_{X^{{\text{\rm an}}}}. This sheaf is equipped with differential operators  d, dc\operatorname{d^{c}}, ∂\partial, ∂¯\bar{\partial}, an external product and inverse images with respect to analytic morphisms: these operations are defined locally on each 𝒜∗​(Ui)\mathscr{A^{\ast}}(U_{i}) by extending the differential forms to a neighbourhood of UiU_{i} in ℂr\mathbb{C}^{r} as above and applying the corresponding operations for ℂr\mathbb{C}^{r}. We write 𝒪Xan\mathcal{O}_{X^{{\text{\rm an}}}} and CXan∞=𝒜Xan0C^{\infty}_{X^{{\text{\rm an}}}}=\mathscr{A}^{0}_{X^{{\text{\rm an}}}} for the sheaves of analytic functions and of smooth functions of XanX^{{\text{\rm an}}}, respectively.

Let LL be an algebraic line bundle on XX and LanL^{{\text{\rm an}}} its analytification.

Definition 2.1.

A metric on LanL^{{\text{\rm an}}} is an assignment that, to each local section ss of LanL^{{\text{\rm an}}} on an open subset U⊂XanU\subset X^{{\text{\rm an}}}, associates a continuous function

‖s⁡(⋅)‖:U⟶ℝ≥0\|s(\cdot)\|\colon U\longrightarrow\mathbb{R}_{\geq 0}

such that, for all p∈Up\in U,

  1. (1)

    ‖s⁡(p)‖=0\|s(p)\|=0 if and only if s⁡(p)=0s(p)=0;

  2. (2)

    for any λ∈𝒪Xan​(U)\lambda\in\mathcal{O}_{X^{{\text{\rm an}}}}(U), it holds ‖(λ​s)​(p)‖=|λ⁡(p)|​‖s⁡(p)‖.\|(\lambda s)(p)\|=|\lambda(p)|\,\|s(p)\|.

The pair L¯:=(L,∥⋅∥){\overline{L}}:=(L,\|\cdot\|) is called a metrized line bundle.The metric ∥⋅∥\|\cdot\| is smooth if for every local section ss of LanL^{{\text{\rm an}}}, the function ‖s⁡(⋅)‖2\|s(\cdot)\|^{2} is smooth.

We remark that what we call “metric” in this text is called “continuous metric” in other contexts.

Let L¯=(L,∥⋅∥){\overline{L}}=(L,\|\cdot\|) be a smooth metrized line bundle. Given a local section ss of LanL^{{\text{\rm an}}} on an open subset UU, the first Chern form of L¯{\overline{L}} is the (1,1)(1,1)-form defined on UU as

c1⁡(L¯)=∂∂¯​log⁡‖s‖2∈𝒜1,1​(U).\operatorname{c}_{1}({\overline{L}})=\partial\bar{\partial}\log\|s\|^{2}\in\mathscr{A}^{1,1}(U).

It does not depend on the choice of local section and can be extended to a global closed (1,1)(1,1)-form. Observe that we are using the algebro-geometric convention, and so c1⁡(L¯)\operatorname{c}_{1}({\overline{L}}) determines a class in H2​(Xan,2​π​i​ℤ)H^{2}(X^{{\text{\rm an}}},2\pi i\,\mathbb{Z}).

Example 2.2.

Let X=ℙℂnX=\mathbb{P}^{n}_{\mathbb{C}} and L=𝒪⁡(1)L={\mathcal{O}}(1), the universal line bundle of ℙℂn\mathbb{P}^{n}_{\mathbb{C}}. A rational section ss of 𝒪⁡(1){\mathcal{O}}(1) can be identified with a homogeneous rational function ρs∈ℂ⁡(x0,…,xn)\rho_{s}\in\mathbb{C}(x_{0},\dots,x_{n}) of degree 1. The poles of this section coincide which those of ρs\rho_{s}. For a point p=(p0:…:pn)∈ℙn(ℂ)p=(p_{0}:\dots:p_{n})\in\mathbb{P}^{n}(\mathbb{C}) outside this set of poles, the Fubini-Study metric of 𝒪​(1)an{\mathcal{O}}(1)^{{\text{\rm an}}} is defined as

‖s⁡(p)‖FS=|ρs​(p0,…,pn)|(∑i|pi|2)1/2.\|s(p)\|_{\operatorname{FS}}=\frac{|\rho_{s}(p_{0},\dots,p_{n})|}{(\sum_{i}|p_{i}|^{2})^{1/2}}.

Clearly, this definition does not depend on the choice of a representative of pp. The pair (𝒪(1),∥⋅∥FS)({\mathcal{O}}(1),\|\cdot\|_{{\operatorname{FS}}}) is a metrized line bundle.

Many smooth metrics can be obtained as the inverse image of the Fubini-Study metric. Let XX be a variety over ℂ\mathbb{C} and LL a line bundle on XX, and assume that there is an integer e≥1e\geq 1 such that L⊗eL^{\otimes e} is generated by global sections. Choose a basis of the space of global sections Γ⁡(X,L⊗e)\Gamma(X,L^{\otimes e}) and let φ:X→ℙℂM\varphi\colon X\to\mathbb{P}^{M}_{\mathbb{C}} be the induced morphism. Given a local section ss of LL, let s′s^{\prime} be a local section of 𝒪⁡(1){\mathcal{O}}(1) such that s⊗e=φ∗​s′s^{\otimes e}=\varphi^{\ast}s^{\prime}. Then, the smooth metric on LanL^{{\text{\rm an}}} obtained from the Fubini-Study metric by inverse image is given by

‖s⁡(p)‖=‖s′​(φ⁡(p))‖FS1/e\|s(p)\|=\|s^{\prime}(\varphi(p))\|^{1/e}_{{\operatorname{FS}}}

for any p∈Xanp\in X^{{\text{\rm an}}} which is not a pole of ss.

Definition 2.3.

Let L¯{\overline{L}} be a smooth metrized line bundle and 𝔻={z∈ℂ||z|≤1}\mathbb{D}=\{z\in\mathbb{C}|\,|z|\leq 1\}, the unit disk of ℂ\mathbb{C}. We say that L¯{\overline{L}} is semipositive if, for every holomorphic map φ:𝔻⟶Xan,\varphi\colon\mathbb{D}\longrightarrow X^{{\text{\rm an}}},

12​π​i​∫𝔻φ∗​c1⁡(L¯)≥0.\frac{1}{2\pi i}\int_{\mathbb{D}}\varphi^{\ast}\operatorname{c}_{1}({\overline{L}})\geq 0.

We say that L¯{\overline{L}} is positive if this integral is strictly positive for all non-constant holomorphic maps as before.

Example 2.4.

The Fubini-Study metric (Example 2.2) is positive because its first Chern form defines a smooth metric on the holomorphic tangent bundle of ℙn​(ℂ)\mathbb{P}^{n}(\mathbb{C}) [GH94, Chapter 0, §2]. All metrics obtained as inverse image of the Fubini-Study metric are semipositive.

A family of smooth metrized line bundles L¯0,…,L¯d−1{\overline{L}}_{0},\dots,{\overline{L}}_{d-1} on XX and a dd-dimensional cycle YY of XX define a signed measure on XanX^{{\text{\rm an}}} as follows. First suppose that YY is a subvariety of XX and let δY\delta_{Y} denote the current of integration along the analytic subvariety YanY^{{\text{\rm an}}}, defined as δY​(ω)=1(2​π​i)d​∫Yanω\delta_{Y}(\omega)=\frac{1}{(2\pi i)^{d}}\int_{Y^{{\text{\rm an}}}}\omega for ω∈𝒜Xan2​d\omega\in\mathscr{A}^{2d}_{X^{{\text{\rm an}}}}. Then the current

c1⁡(L¯0)∧⋯∧c1⁡(L¯d−1)∧δY\operatorname{c}_{1}({\overline{L}}_{0})\wedge\cdots\wedge\operatorname{c}_{1}({\overline{L}}_{d-1})\wedge\delta_{Y}

is a signed measure on XanX^{{\text{\rm an}}}. This notion extends by linearity to Y∈Zd​(X)Y\in Z_{d}(X). If L¯i{\overline{L}}_{i}, i=0,…,d−1i=0,\dots,d-1, are semipositive and YY is effective, this signed measure is a measure.

Remark 2.5.

We can reduce the study of algebraic varieties and line bundles over the field of real numbers to the complex case by using the following standard technique. A variety XX over ℝ\mathbb{R} induces a variety XℂX_{\mathbb{C}} over ℂ\mathbb{C} together with an anti-linear involution σ:Xℂ→Xℂ\sigma\colon X_{\mathbb{C}}\to X_{\mathbb{C}} such that the diagram

Xℂ\textstyle{X_{\mathbb{C}}\ignorespaces\ignorespaces\ignorespaces\ignorespaces\ignorespaces\ignorespaces\ignorespaces\ignorespaces}σ\scriptstyle{\sigma}Xℂ\textstyle{X_{\mathbb{C}}\ignorespaces\ignorespaces\ignorespaces\ignorespaces}Spec⁡(ℂ)\textstyle{\operatorname{Spec}(\mathbb{C})\ignorespaces\ignorespaces\ignorespaces\ignorespaces}Spec⁡(ℂ)\textstyle{\operatorname{Spec}(\mathbb{C})}

commutes, where the arrow below denotes the map induced by complex conjugation. A line bundle LL on XX determines a line bundle LℂL_{\mathbb{C}} on XℂX_{\mathbb{C}} and an isomorphism α:σ∗​Lℂ→Lℂ\alpha\colon\sigma^{*}L_{\mathbb{C}}\to L_{\mathbb{C}} such that a section ss of LℂL_{\mathbb{C}} is real if and only if α⁡(σ∗​s)=s\alpha(\sigma^{*}s)=s. By a metric on LanL^{{\text{\rm an}}} we will mean a metric ∥⋅∥\|\cdot\| on LℂanL_{\mathbb{C}}^{{\text{\rm an}}} such that the induced map σ∗(Lℂ,∥⋅∥)→(Lℂ,∥⋅∥)\sigma^{*}(L_{\mathbb{C}},\|\cdot\|)\to(L_{\mathbb{C}},\|\cdot\|) is an isometry.

In this way, the above definitions can be extended to metrized line bundles on varieties over ℝ\mathbb{R}. For instance, a real smooth metrized line bundle is semipositive if and only if its associated complex smooth metrized line bundle is semipositive. The corresponding signed measure is a measure over XℂanX_{\mathbb{C}}^{{\text{\rm an}}} which is invariant under σ\sigma.

In the sequel, every time we have a real variety, we will work with the associated complex variety and quietly ignore the anti-linear involution σ\sigma, because it will play no role in our results.

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