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Gluing over the discriminant locus [04JB]

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Gluing over the discriminant locus

Given a simple affine manifold with singularities, we show how to symplectically glue singular fibres of positive or generic type to the associated T3T^{3} bundle. This gives us a (partial) symplectic compactification over positive and generic points of the singular locus.

Consider a cylinder D2×ID^{2}\times I inside ℝ2×ℝ\mathbb{R}^{2}\times\mathbb{R}, where II is an open interval, and let Δ={0}×I\Delta=\{0\}\times I. Let HH be a smooth real-valued function on D2×ID^{2}\times I. The germ of HH along Δ\Delta, denoted HΔH_{\Delta}, is the Taylor expansion series of HH along Δ\Delta. This is a formal power series in two variables whose coefficients are smooth functions on II.

Remark 4.12.

For any given formal power series in two variables h=∑hi​j​x1i​x2jh=\sum h_{ij}x_{1}^{i}x_{2}^{j} whose coefficients are smooth functions hi​j=hi​j​(r)h_{ij}=h_{ij}(r) on II, there is a function HH on D2×ID^{2}\times I whose germ along Δ\Delta is hh. An analogous statement in the case of a formal power series in one variable with real coefficients is standard (cf. [31] Exercise 13, page 384). It is an exercise to check that it is also true in two variables with coefficients depending on a parameter.

Recall that the generators of the period lattice of a generic-singular fibration may be written as λ1=λ0+d​H\lambda_{1}=\lambda_{0}+dH, λ2=2​π​d​b2\lambda_{2}=2\pi db_{2} and λ3=d​b3\lambda_{3}=db_{3}, where (b1,b2,b3)(b_{1},b_{2},b_{3}) are coordinates in in D2×ID^{2}\times I, λ0\lambda_{0} as (17) and HH a smooth function. One can prove the following (cf. [1]):

Theorem 4.13.

For any smooth function HH over B=D2×IB=D^{2}\times I, there is a generic-singular fibration ℱH=(X,ω,f,B)\mathcal{F}_{H}=(X,\omega,f,B) whose period lattice is generated by 1-forms as in (17). Furthermore, two generic-singular fibrations ℱH\mathcal{F}_{H} and ℱH′\mathcal{F}_{H^{\prime}} are symplectically conjugate in a neighborhood of Δ\Delta if and only if HΔ=HΔ′H_{\Delta}=H^{\prime}_{\Delta}.

We call HΔH_{\Delta} the invariant of the fibration ℱH\mathcal{F}_{H}. We proved in Corollary 4.9 that the affine base of a generic-singular fibration is always simple, isomorphic to Example 3.9. Furthermore, the shape of its discriminant locus (in affine coordinates), as well as the isomorphism class of its singular affine base is determined by the function τ⁡(r)=H⁡(0,0,r)\tau(r)=H(0,0,r) which is the restriction of HH to Δ\Delta. In other words, by the zero order term of the germ HΔH_{\Delta}. In the special case when the zero order term of HΔH_{\Delta} vanishes, the base is affine isomorphic to the product of an affine disc with a node times the standard affine interval, in this case we call the associated fibration ℱH\mathcal{F}_{H} straight, in all other cases we call it twisted.

Lemma 4.14.

Given any function τ∈C∞​(Δ)\tau\in C^{\infty}(\Delta) on an edge Δ⊂D2×I\Delta\subset D^{2}\times I with τ⁡(0)=0\tau(0)=0, there is a generic-singular fibration whose base is locally affine isomorphic to the affine manifold with singularities (ℝ2×I,Δτ,𝒜)(\mathbb{R}^{2}\times I,\Delta_{\tau},\mathscr{A}) of Example 3.9.

Proof.

In view of Remark 4.12, we can certainly find a smooth function HH on D2×ID^{2}\times I such that H|Δ=τH|_{\Delta}=\tau. We can then form ℱH\mathcal{F}_{H} using Theorem 4.13. ∎

Analogously, positive fibrations are also classified by germs HΔH_{\Delta}, where in this case Δ⊂D3\Delta\subset D^{3} is a trivalent vertex and HH a smooth function on D3D^{3} as in Proposition 4.10; for the details we refer to [1]. Given a positive fibration, Proposition 4.11 tells us that its base is locally isomorphic to (ℝ3,Δτ,𝒜)(\mathbb{R}^{3},\Delta_{\tau},\mathscr{A}) as in Example 3.11. A particular case is when τ=0\tau=0 which gives a straight vertex. More generally we showed (cf. proof of Proposition 4.11) that τ=H|Δ\tau=H|_{\Delta}. In particular, we have:

Lemma 4.15.

Given any function τ∈C∞​(Δ)\tau\in C^{\infty}(\Delta) on a trivalent vertex Δ⊂D3⊂ℝ3\Delta\subset D^{3}\subset\mathbb{R}^{3} with τ⁡(0)=0\tau(0)=0, there is a positive fibration whose base is locally affine isomorphic to the affine manifold with singularities (ℝ3,Δτ,𝒜)(\mathbb{R}^{3},\Delta_{\tau},\mathscr{A}) of Example 3.11.

We stress that the constructions described in Lemmas 4.14 and 4.15 only involve the zero order term of HΔH_{\Delta}, which is enough for determining the affine structure. From [1] it follows that we have many possible choices of HΔH_{\Delta} giving the same affine structure:

Corollary 4.16.

Given a prescribed affine manifold with singularities (B,Δτ,𝒜)(B,\Delta_{\tau},\mathscr{A}) either as in Example 3.9 in the generic case or as in Example 3.11 in the positive case, there are infinitely many non symplectically conjugate germs of Lagrangian fibrations whose bases are locally affine isomorphic to (B,Δτ,𝒜)(B,\Delta_{\tau},\mathscr{A}).

Observe that the above result holds also in the case when τ≡0\tau\equiv 0, i.e. when the discriminant is completely straight. Exploiting the flexibility given by Lemmas 4.14 and 4.15, we can show that we can always locally compactify a torus bundle given by simple affine manifolds with singularities near a positive or generic point of the discriminant locus:

Proposition 4.17.

Let (B,Δ,𝒜)(B,\Delta,\mathscr{A}) be a given simple affine 3-manifold with singularities. Then we have the following

  • (i)

    if J⊆ΔgJ\subseteq\Delta_{g} is an edge of Δ\Delta, then there is a generic-singular fibration ℱ\mathcal{F}, with affine base (B′,Δ′,𝒜′)(B^{\prime},\Delta^{\prime},\mathscr{A}^{\prime}) and neighborhood U⊆BU\subseteq B of JJ such that there exists an integral affine isomorphism (B′,Δ′,𝒜′)≅(U,J,𝒜)(B^{\prime},\Delta^{\prime},\mathscr{A}^{\prime})\cong(U,J,\mathscr{A}) inducing a symplectic conjugation X⁡(B0′,𝒜′)≅X⁡(U−J,𝒜)X(B^{\prime}_{0},\mathscr{A}^{\prime})\cong X(U-J,\mathscr{A});

  • (ii)

    if p∈Δdp\in\Delta_{d} is a positive vertex of Δ\Delta, then there is positive fibration ℱ\mathcal{F} with base (B′,Δ′,𝒜′)(B^{\prime},\Delta^{\prime},\mathscr{A}^{\prime}) and a neighborhood U⊆BU\subseteq B of pp such that there exists an integral affine isomorphism (B′,Δ′,𝒜′)≅(U,U∩Δ,𝒜)(B^{\prime},\Delta^{\prime},\mathscr{A}^{\prime})\cong(U,U\cap\Delta,\mathscr{A}) inducing a symplectic conjugation X⁡(B0′,𝒜′)≅X⁡(U−(U∩Δ),𝒜)X(B^{\prime}_{0},\mathscr{A}^{\prime})\cong X(U-(U\cap\Delta),\mathscr{A}).

Moreover, using the symplectic conjugations in (i) and (ii), we can symplectically glue the germ of ℱ\mathcal{F} into X⁡(B0,𝒜)X(B_{0},\mathscr{A}).

Proof.

It is just a matter of applying Lemmas 4.14 and 4.15 to find suitable ℱ\mathcal{F}. Since both positive and generic singular fibrations have a Lagrangian section, the result follows from Corollary 3.4. ∎

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