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The focus-focus fibration [04IM]

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The focus-focus fibration

In dimension 2 it is much easier to produce symplectic semi-stable compactifications. Now we will show how Example 3.16 gives rise to a symplectic semi-stable compactification diffeomorphic to a K3 surface. This will require a local model of Lagrangian T2T^{2} fibration with a semi-stable singular fibre, such as the one in the following:

Example 3.20.

Let X=ℂ2−{z1z2+1=0}X=\mathbb{C}^{2}-\{z_{1}z_{2}+1=0\} and let ω\omega be the restriction to XX of the standard symplectic form on ℂ2\mathbb{C}^{2}. One can easily check that the following map f:X→ℝ2f:X\rightarrow\mathbb{R}^{2} is a Lagrangian fibration:

f⁡(z1,z2)=(|z1|2−|z2|22,log⁡|z1​z2+1|).f(z_{1},z_{2})=\left(\frac{|z_{1}|^{2}-|z_{2}|^{2}}{2},\,\log|z_{1}z_{2}+1|\right). (13)

The only singular fibre is f−1​(0)f^{-1}(0), which has the topology of a I1I_{1} fibre. It follows that this fibration is conjugate to the topological fibration in Example 2.6.

Lagrangian fibrations with semi-stable singular fibres, e.g., conjugate to the fibration in Example 2.6, are called focus-focus fibrations. They have been studied extensively in Hamiltonian Mechanics [4], [34] –where they got their name– and more recently in symplectic topology [24], [33] and Mirror Symmetry [14].

Let arg:ℂ∗→ℝ\arg:\mathbb{C}^{\ast}\rightarrow\mathbb{R} be the multi-valued function ρ​ei​θ↦θ\rho e^{i\theta}\mapsto\theta. Denote by D⊆ℂD\subseteq\mathbb{C} the unit open disk and let D∗=D−{0}D^{\ast}=D-\{0\}. Let ℱ=(X,ω,f,D)\mathcal{F}=(X,\omega,f,D) be a focus-focus fibration. It has been shown [33] that there are coordinates b=(b1,b2)b=(b_{1},b_{2}) on ℝ2\mathbb{R}^{2}, with values in DD, a smooth function q:D→ℝq:D\rightarrow\mathbb{R} such that q⁡(0)=0q(0)=0 and a choice of generators of H1​(f−1​(b),ℤ)H_{1}(f^{-1}(b),\mathbb{Z}) with respect to which the periods λ1\lambda_{1} and λ2\lambda_{2} of ℱ\mathcal{F} can be written as

λ1\displaystyle\lambda_{1} =\displaystyle= −log⁡|b|​d​b1+arg⁡b​d​b2+d​q\displaystyle-\log|b|\ db_{1}+\arg b\ db_{2}+dq
λ2\displaystyle\lambda_{2} =\displaystyle= 2​π​d​b2.\displaystyle 2\pi\,db_{2}.

Clearly λ1\lambda_{1} is multi-valued and blows up as b→0b\rightarrow 0. The lattice

Λ=spanℤ⁡⟨λ1,λ2⟩\Lambda=\spn_{\mathbb{Z}}\langle{\lambda_{1}},{\lambda_{2}}\rangle

has monodromy given by TT as in (6). We now describe the affine structure induced on D∗D^{\ast}. Consider the two open subsets

U1\displaystyle U_{1} =\displaystyle= D−{Imb=0andReb≥0},\displaystyle D-\{\im b=0\ \text{and}\re b\geq 0\},
U2\displaystyle U_{2} =\displaystyle= D−{Imb=0andReb≤0}.\displaystyle D-\{\im b=0\ \text{and}\re b\leq 0\}.

On U1U_{1} we chose the branch of arg\arg with values in (0,2​π)(0,2\pi) and we denote it by arg1\arg_{1}. On U2U_{2} we chose the branch with values in (−π,π)(-\pi,\pi) which we denote by arg2\arg_{2}. Clearly on U1∩U2U_{1}\cap U_{2} we have arg1=arg2+2​π\arg_{1}=\arg_{2}+2\pi. A computation shows that the maps ψj:Uj→ℝ2\psi_{j}:U_{j}\rightarrow\mathbb{R}^{2} given by

ψj​(b)=(−b1​log⁡|b|+b1+q⁡(b)+b2​argj​b, 2​π​b2),\psi_{j}(b)=(-b_{1}\log|b|+b_{1}+q(b)+b_{2}\arg_{j}b,\,2\pi b_{2}),

with q⁡(0)=0q(0)=0, are a choice of affine coordinates associated to λ1\lambda_{1} and λ2\lambda_{2}.

It is easy to check that the map ψ1\psi_{1} (or ψ2\psi_{2}) extends continuously to DD. Call α:D→ℝ2\alpha:D\rightarrow\mathbb{R}^{2} the extended map. On a sufficiently small neighborhood V⊆DV\subseteq D of 00, the map α\alpha is a homeomorphism of VV onto α⁡(V)\alpha(V). The reader may verify that 0∈V0\in V is a node with respect to the affine structure given by {Uj,ψj}\{U_{j},\psi_{j}\}. In other words, the map α\alpha restricted to V∗=V−{0}V^{\ast}=V-\{0\} is an affine isomorphism between V∗V^{\ast} and the affine manifold α⁡(V∗)\alpha(V^{\ast}) whose affine structure is the restriction of the one in Example 3.7. The affine structure with singularities on DD induced by a focus-focus fibration is therefore simple. In particular, the affine structure induced by Example 3.20 is simple.

Remark 3.21.

Germs of focus-focus fibrations –with respect to symplectic conjugation– are classified by formal power series in two variables ℝ⁡[[x,y]]\mathbb{R}[\![x,y]\!] with vanishing constant term [33]. Such series correspond to the Taylor coefficients of functions q∈C∞​(D)q\in C^{\infty}(D) as above evaluated at 0∈ℝ20\in\mathbb{R}^{2}. This means that there is an infinite number of different germs of focus-focus fibrations, all inducing simple affine manifolds with singularities, i.e. inducing the same singular affine structure on the base. In §4 we will see that a similar phenomenon happens in higher dimensions.

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