ScalingStacks

Smoothing II [04LF]

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Smoothing II

Lemma 7.4 gives us a piecewise smooth fibration ℱ\mathcal{F}, topologically conjugate to the one in Example 5.8 but smooth along Nh,MN_{h,M}, Nv,MN_{v,M} and Nd,MN_{d,M}. The latter are sets mapping down onto open neighborhoods Bh,MB_{h,M}, Bv,MB_{v,M} and Bd,MB_{d,M} of the legs as depicted in Figure 13 (a). Given a positive m∈ℝm\in\mathbb{R}, let us denote by Bh,mB_{h,m}, Bv,mB_{v,m} and Bd,mB_{d,m} neighborhoods of Δh,m\Delta_{h,m}, Δv,m\Delta_{v,m} and Δd,m\Delta_{d,m} and for brevity let us define ℱh,m=ℱ|Bh,m\mathcal{F}_{h,m}=\mathcal{F}|_{B_{h,m}}, ℱv,m=ℱ|Bv,m\mathcal{F}_{v,m}=\mathcal{F}|_{B_{v,m}} and ℱd,m=ℱ|Bd,m\mathcal{F}_{d,m}=\mathcal{F}|_{B_{d,m}}. Clearly when MM is as in Lemma 7.4, ℱh,M\mathcal{F}_{h,M}, ℱv,M\mathcal{F}_{v,M} and ℱd,M\mathcal{F}_{d,M} satisfy Assumption 6.22.

(a)(b)
Figure 13: Smoothing over the legs.

Our goal now is to use the results on non-proper stitched fibrations in Section 6 to perturb ℱ\mathcal{F} so that for some m>Mm>M and neighborhoods Bh,mB_{h,m}, Bv,mB_{v,m} and Bd,mB_{d,m}, the fibrations ℱh,m\mathcal{F}_{h,m}, ℱv,m\mathcal{F}_{v,m} and ℱd,m\mathcal{F}_{d,m} are smooth. This will produce a fibration whose base is depicted in Figure 13 (b). Over the white rectangular regions the fibration is completely smooth but on the shaded region it is still piecewise smooth. The result is the following:

Lemma 7.6.

Let ℱ\mathcal{F} denote the fibration obtained in Lemma 7.4. Given a positive real number m>Mm>M, there exists a perturbation ℱ~\tilde{\mathcal{F}} of ℱ\mathcal{F} (perhaps defined over a smaller neighborhood of the plane {b1=0}\{b_{1}=0\}), such that

  • (i)

    ℱ~\tilde{\mathcal{F}} is topologically conjugate to ℱ\mathcal{F};

  • (ii)

    there are open neighborhoods Bh,mB_{h,m}, Bv,mB_{v,m} and Bd,mB_{d,m} of Δh,m\Delta_{h,m}, Δv,m\Delta_{v,m} and Δd,m\Delta_{d,m} respectively so that the fibrations ℱ~h,m\tilde{\mathcal{F}}_{h,m}, ℱ~v,m\tilde{\mathcal{F}}_{v,m} and ℱ~d,m\tilde{\mathcal{F}}_{d,m} are smooth.

Proof.

Consider one of the fibrations ℱh,M\mathcal{F}_{h,M}, ℱv,M\mathcal{F}_{v,M} or ℱd,M\mathcal{F}_{d,M} as above (whenever necessary, we allow ourselves to restrict to smaller neighborhoods of Δh,M\Delta_{h,M}, Δv,M\Delta_{v,M} or Δd,M\Delta_{d,M}). To keep the notation simple we temporarily drop the subindices and denote it by ℱ\mathcal{F}.

Since ℱ\mathcal{F} satisfies Assumption 6.22, it follows from Proposition 6.28 that we can associate to ℱ\mathcal{F} a normal form of cylindrical type ℱu,H\mathcal{F}_{u,H} together with its invariants given by a triple (ZH#,ℓ,HΔ)(Z^{\#}_{H},\ell,H_{\Delta}) which, in view of Theorem 6.29, uniquely determine ℱ\mathcal{F} as a germ around Γ=B∩{b1=0}\Gamma=B\cap\{b_{1}=0\}. By slight abuse of notation we will denote by the same letter Γ\Gamma both B∩{b1=0}B\cap\{b_{1}=0\} and Bu∩{b1=0}B_{u}\cap\{b_{1}=0\}, where BuB_{u} is the base of ℱu,H\mathcal{F}_{u,H}. For the duration of this proof HH will remain unchanged, so we drop the subindex HH and denote ℱu:=ℱu,H\mathcal{F}_{u}:=\mathcal{F}_{u,H} for short.

¯ A b 2 b 3 ¯ A ′
Figure 14: Γ\Gamma (or Γh,M\Gamma_{h,M}).

The proof consists in suitably deforming the sequence ℓ\ell. Let A¯⊂Γ\bar{A}\subset\Gamma and A¯′⊂A¯\bar{A}^{\prime}\subset\bar{A} be (planar) regions as depicted in Figure 14. Given a cut-off function ρ∈C∞​(Γ)\rho\in C^{\infty}(\Gamma) such that ρ\rho is 1 on Γ−A¯\Gamma-\bar{A} and 00 on A¯′\bar{A}^{\prime}, define a new (fibrewise closed) sequence ℓ~\tilde{\ell} whose elements are ℓ~k=(ρ∘π¯#)​ℓk\tilde{\ell}_{k}=(\rho\circ\bar{\pi}^{\#})\,\ell_{k} for each k∈ℕk\in\mathbb{N}. We obtain a triple (ZH#,ℓ~,HΔ)(Z^{\#}_{H},\tilde{\ell},H_{\Delta}), such that ℓ|(π¯#)−1​(Γ−A¯)=ℓ~|(π¯#)−1​(Γ−A¯)\ell|_{(\bar{\pi}^{\#})^{-1}(\Gamma-\bar{A})}=\tilde{\ell}|_{(\bar{\pi}^{\#})^{-1}(\Gamma-\bar{A})} and ℓ~|(π¯#)−1​(A¯′)=0\tilde{\ell}|_{(\bar{\pi}^{\#})^{-1}(\bar{A}^{\prime})}=0.

In view of Proposition 6.30, (ZH#,ℓ~,HΔ)(Z^{\#}_{H},\tilde{\ell},H_{\Delta}) gives rise to a normal form of cylindrical type ℱu~\mathcal{F}_{\tilde{u}} defined over a neighborhood of Γ\Gamma. By construction and by Theorem 6.29, ℱu\mathcal{F}_{u} and ℱu~\mathcal{F}_{\tilde{u}} define the same germ around Γ−A¯\Gamma-\bar{A}, i.e. there are open neighborhoods UU and U~\tilde{U} of Γ−A¯\Gamma-\bar{A} (satisfying U∩{b1=0}=U~∩{b1=0}=Γ−A¯U\cap\{b_{1}=0\}=\tilde{U}\cap\{b_{1}=0\}=\Gamma-\bar{A}) such that ℱu|U\mathcal{F}_{u}|_{U} and ℱu~|U~\mathcal{F}_{\tilde{u}}|_{\tilde{U}} are symplectically conjugate. Moreover ℱu~\mathcal{F}_{\tilde{u}} is smooth when restricted to any open neighborhood A′A^{\prime} of A¯′\bar{A}^{\prime} such that A′∩{b1=0}=A¯′A^{\prime}\cap\{b_{1}=0\}=\bar{A}^{\prime}. Now recall that ℱu\mathcal{F}_{u} is symplectically conjugate to ℱ\mathcal{F}, so we have that ℱu~|U~\mathcal{F}_{\tilde{u}}|_{\tilde{U}} is symplectically conjugate ℱ|U\mathcal{F}|_{U}.

Let us summarize the result using our original notation for the horizontal leg. For Γh,M=Bh,M∩{b1=0}\Gamma_{h,M}=B_{h,M}\cap\{b_{1}=0\}, we have found sets A¯′⊂A¯⊂Γh,M\bar{A}^{\prime}\subset\bar{A}\subset\Gamma_{h,M} (as in Figure 14) and a normal form of cylindrical type ℱu~\mathcal{F}_{\tilde{u}}, defined over a neighborhood of Γh,M\Gamma_{h,M}, smooth over A¯′\bar{A}^{\prime} and such that ℱu~|U~\mathcal{F}_{\tilde{u}}|_{\tilde{U}} is symplectically conjugate to ℱh,M|U\mathcal{F}_{h,M}|_{U}, where UU and U~\tilde{U} are neighborhoods of Γh,M−A¯\Gamma_{h,M}-\bar{A} (satisfying U∩{b1=0}=U~∩{b1=0}=Γh,M−A¯U\cap\{b_{1}=0\}=\tilde{U}\cap\{b_{1}=0\}=\Gamma_{h,M}-\bar{A}).

If we go back denoting by ℱ\mathcal{F} the fibration of Lemma 7.4, we can form a new fibration ℱ~\tilde{\mathcal{F}} in the following way. Let ℱ′=ℱ|ℝ3−(ℝ×A¯)\mathcal{F}^{\prime}=\mathcal{F}|_{\mathbb{R}^{3}-(\mathbb{R}\times\bar{A})} and symplectically glue ℱu~\mathcal{F}_{\tilde{u}} to ℱ′\mathcal{F}^{\prime} using the conjugation between ℱu~|U~\mathcal{F}_{\tilde{u}}|_{\tilde{U}} and ℱ′|U=ℱh,M|U\mathcal{F}^{\prime}|_{U}=\mathcal{F}_{h,M}|_{U}. The fibration ℱ~\tilde{\mathcal{F}} is the result of this gluing. Notice that ℱ~\tilde{\mathcal{F}}, due to the properties of ℱu~\mathcal{F}_{\tilde{u}}, is such that for some m>Mm>M (depending on A¯′\bar{A}^{\prime}) and a suitable neighborhood of Bh,mB_{h,m} of Δh,m\Delta_{h,m}, the restriction ℱ~h,m\tilde{\mathcal{F}}_{h,m} is smooth. Notice that A¯′\bar{A}^{\prime} can be chosen so that the latter holds for any m>Mm>M.

The above method applied to all legs, produces the required result. ∎

The idea of deforming the sequence ℓ\ell by multiplying it by a cut-off function on the base will be used again in the subsection Smoothing III. This is actually the main application of the results on stitched fibrations in this paper.

Remark 7.7.

We observe that the Lagrangian section of Example 5.8 survives also this second smoothing.

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