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Example 2.9 (Alternative negative fibration) . [04HT]

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Example 2.9 (Alternative negative fibration).

This is the local model for a fibration over a neighborhood of a component of Δa\Delta_{a}. Consider YY and Σ\Sigma as in Example 2.8. Now think of making a small perturbation of Σ\Sigma just in a neighborhood of the “figure eight” –i.e. where the three cylinders forming Σ\Sigma are joined together– and leaving the rest unchanged. A generic perturbation will be such that, near the fibre over b0b_{0}, Σ\Sigma will intersect the fibres of P:Y→BP:Y\rightarrow B in isolated points. Then P⁡(Σ)P(\Sigma) will have the shape of a 33-legged amoeba. One then constructs the bundle π′:X′→Y′=Y−Σ\pi^{\prime}:X^{\prime}\rightarrow Y^{\prime}=Y-\Sigma with Chern class c1=1c_{1}=1 and compactifies it to π:X→Y\pi:X\rightarrow Y. The total fibration is f=P∘πf=P\circ\pi.

We can give an explicit construction of a fibration of this type, following ideas in [6]§4. Consider (ℂ∗)2(\mathbb{C}^{\ast})^{2} with the T2T^{2} fibration Log:(v1,v2)↦(log⁡|v1|,log⁡|v2|)\Log:(v_{1},v_{2})\mapsto(\log|v_{1}|,\log|v_{2}|). Let Y=ℝ×(ℂ∗)2Y=\mathbb{R}\times(\mathbb{C}^{\ast})^{2} and PP be the fibration

P:(t,v)→(t,Log⁡v),P:(t,v)\rightarrow(t,\Log v),

where t∈ℝt\in\mathbb{R} and v=(v1,v2)∈(ℂ∗)2v=(v_{1},v_{2})\in(\mathbb{C}^{\ast})^{2}. Define a surface Σ′\Sigma^{\prime} in (ℂ∗)2(\mathbb{C}^{\ast})^{2} to be

Σ′={v1+v2+1=0},\Sigma^{\prime}=\{v_{1}+v_{2}+1=0\},

and view it as a surface in {0}×(ℂ∗)2⊂Y\{0\}\times(\mathbb{C}^{\ast})^{2}\subset Y. Clearly P⁡(Σ′)P(\Sigma^{\prime}) is {0}×Log⁡(Σ′)\{0\}\times\Log(\Sigma^{\prime}) and one can compute that it has the shape depicted in Figure 4. Images by Log\Log of algebraic curves in (ℂ∗)2(\mathbb{C}^{\ast})^{2} are known in the literature as amoebas, and this explains the name we gave to the components of Δa\Delta_{a}.

Refer to caption
Figure 4: Amoeba of v1+v2+1=0v_{1}+v_{2}+1=0

As a surface in ℂ2\mathbb{C}^{2}, Σ′\Sigma^{\prime} intersects {v1=0}\{v_{1}=0\} in q1=(0,0,−1)q_{1}=(0,0,-1) and {v2=0}\{v_{2}=0\} in q2=(0,−1,0)q_{2}=(0,-1,0). One can see that in a small neighborhood of q1q_{1} one can twist Σ′\Sigma^{\prime} slightly, so to make it coincide, in a smaller neighborhood, with {v2=−1}\{v_{2}=-1\}. Similarly one can twist Σ′\Sigma^{\prime} near q2q_{2}, so to make it coincide with {v1=−1}\{v_{1}=-1\}. Finally, when |v1||v_{1}| and |v2||v_{2}| are both big, we can twist Σ′\Sigma^{\prime} so to coincide with {v1+v2=0}\{v_{1}+v_{2}=0\}. Let Σ\Sigma be this new twisted version of Σ′\Sigma^{\prime}. A schematic description of these twistings is described in Figure 5, where Σ′\Sigma^{\prime} is the light-colored diagonal line and Σ\Sigma is the over-imposed twisted dark line. It is clear that P⁡(Σ)={0}×Log⁡(Σ)P(\Sigma)=\{0\}\times\Log(\Sigma) will have the shape of a 33-legged amoeba whose legs have been pinched to 11-dimensional segments toward the ends, as depicted in the right-hand side of Figure 5 (Mikhalkin [25] also defines a similar construction and calls this shape a localized amoeba). The bundle π′:X′→Y′=Y−Σ\pi^{\prime}:X^{\prime}\rightarrow Y^{\prime}=Y-\Sigma with Chern class c1=1c_{1}=1 and its compactification π:X→Y\pi:X\rightarrow Y can again be constructed. The fibration is f=P∘πf=P\circ\pi and Δ=P⁡(Σ)\Delta=P(\Sigma).

× C ∗ C ∗ Log - 1 - 1
Figure 5: The twisted Σ\Sigma gives and amoeba with thin legs.

We give a description of the fibration over the codimension 11 part of Δ\Delta. One can see that the fibres of Log\Log over a point in the interior of the amoeba intersect Σ\Sigma in two distinct points. These two points come together to a double point as the base point approaches the boundary of the amoeba. If p1p_{1} and p2p_{2} are two points on T2T^{2} –which may coincide– then the singular fibres of ff look like S1×T2S^{1}\times T^{2} after S1×{pj}S^{1}\times\{p_{j}\} is collapsed to a point. This behavior is topologically the same as the one conjectured by Joyce [21] for special Lagrangian T3T^{3} fibrations. Moreover, the singularities of the fibres are modeled on those of an explicit example of a special Lagrangian fibration with non-compact fibres (cf. Joyce [21]§5).

In view of Proposition 2.4 and Remark 2.5, the total space XX in this example is diffeomorphic to the one in Example 2.8, although the fibrations differ. In both cases the singularities of the fibres occur along the intersection of the critical surface Σ\Sigma with the fibres of PP. But the intersections happen in a different way. In Example 2.8 they occur either along circles, or along a figure eight. Here they occur along circles when the fibre is over a point in the codimension 22 part of Δ\Delta and as isolated points when the fibre is over a point in the codimension 11 part. As argued by Joyce, the isolated singularities are more generic in certain sense (cf. [21]§3). A schematic description of the fibration over the codimension 11 part of Δ\Delta is depicted in Figure 6. It can be compared with Figure 2. We remark that over the codimension 22 part of Δ\Delta, the fibration has the same topology of the generic singular fibration of Example 2.7. It follows that the monodromy around the legs is same as the monodromy of Example 2.8, i.e. it is represented by the matrices (3).

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