ScalingStacks

2.7. Hein’s package and weighted Sobolev inequality [040K]

Original official author HTML, exact retained edition. Historical TeX conversion verdicts remain unchanged. Cited-edition alignment and mathematical self-containment are not assessed.

Complete original source context · Original author HTML

2.7. Hein’s package and weighted Sobolev inequality

The following few Sections address the analytic problems. For convenience we assume C−1​δi​j≤ai​j≤C​δi​jC^{-1}\delta_{ij}\leq a_{ij}\leq C\delta_{ij}, although we will indicate AA-dependence in strategic places. We rely heavily on the work of Hein (cf. Chapter 3,4 in [12]) which sets out a framework for solving the complex Monge-Ampère equation and its linear cousin the Poisson equation on complete noncompact manifolds, building on the seminal paper by Tian and Yau [28]. We explain Hein’s results in a variant form which follows from his arguments. The ambient complete manifold MM needs to satisfy the following analytic properties:

  • •

    There is a Ck,αC^{k,\alpha} quasi-atlas with k≥3k\geq 3, meaning a collection of charts on which the complex structure and the metric have Ck,αC^{k,\alpha} bounds, and the injectivity radius/regularity scale in these charts are bounded below. Clearly this condition is satisfied on (ℂ3,ω(2))(\mathbb{C}^{3},\omega^{(2)}). This assumption allows one to speak of (unweighted) Hölder spaces.

  • •

    There is a function ρ⁡(x)\rho(x) uniformly equivalent to the distance function dist​(0,x)\text{dist}(0,x) outside the unit ball, and satisfies |∇ρ|+ρ​|∇2ρ|≤C|\nabla\rho|+\rho|\nabla^{2}\rho|\leq C. It is easy to check ρ=|μ→|a2+A−1/2\rho=\sqrt{|\vec{\mu}|_{a}^{2}+A^{-1/2}} works for ℂ3\mathbb{C}^{3}. This assumption is useful in integration by part arguments.

  • •

    We need the weighted Sobolev inequality on functions: assume the power law volume growth Vol​(B​(r))∼rp′\text{Vol}(B(r))\sim r^{p^{\prime}} with rate p′>2p^{\prime}>2. (In our case of interest dimℝM=6\dim_{\mathbb{R}}M=6, p′=4p^{\prime}=4.) For 1≤p≤dimℝMdimℝM−21\leq p\leq\frac{\dim_{\mathbb{R}}M}{\dim_{\mathbb{R}}M-2} and functions uu with L2L^{2}-gradient,

    (∫|u|2​p​(1+ρ)p⁡(p′−2)−p′​𝑑Vol)1/p≤C​∫|∇u|2.(\int|u|^{2p}(1+\rho)^{p(p^{\prime}-2)-p^{\prime}}d\text{Vol})^{1/p}\leq C\int|\nabla u|^{2}.

    These inequalities differ from the standard Sobolev inequalities in the sense that they do not require the manifold to have Euclidean volume growth, which makes them remarkably flexible.

The output of this package is:

  • •

    (Poisson equation case) Let f∈C0,αf\in C^{0,\alpha} satisfy |f|≤C​ρ−q|f|\leq C\rho^{-q} for given p′>q>2p^{\prime}>q>2. Then there is a unique C2,αC^{2,\alpha} solution to Δ​u=f\Delta u=f with decay estimate |u|≤C​ρ2−q+ϵ|u|\leq C\rho^{2-q+\epsilon}, where ϵ≪1\epsilon\ll 1 is any fixed small number satisfying 2−q+ϵ<02-q+\epsilon<0.

  • •

    (Complex Monge-Ampère equation case) Denote ω0\omega_{0} as the ambient Kähler form. Let f∈C2,αf\in C^{2,\alpha} satisfy |f|≤C​ρ−q|f|\leq C\rho^{-q} for p′>q>2p^{\prime}>q>2. Then there is some 0<α′≤α0<\alpha^{\prime}\leq\alpha and u∈C4,α′u\in C^{4,\alpha^{\prime}} which solves (ω0+−1​∂∂¯​u)dimℂM=ef​ω0dimℂM(\omega_{0}+\sqrt{-1}\partial\bar{\partial}u)^{\dim_{\mathbb{C}}M}=e^{f}\omega_{0}^{\dim_{\mathbb{C}}M}, with decay estimate |u|≤C​ρ2−q+ϵ|u|\leq C\rho^{2-q+\epsilon}, where ϵ≪1\epsilon\ll 1 is any fixed small number.

Here we have separated the assumptions on the ambient manifolds from the decay assumptions to emphasize that these are difficulties of distinct nature. The key idea in Hein’s package is to obtain a priori L∞L^{\infty} estimates and power law decay estimates on potentials via the method of weighted Moser iteration, which hinges on the weighted Sobolev inequalities. The estimates from Hein’s package are constructive. It is essential to assume faster than quadratic decay on the source function ff, because the method needs the potential u=O⁡(ρ2−q)u=O(\rho^{2-q}) to be bounded. Another important remark is that Hein’s method respects compact group actions.

We give an elementary proof for the following

Proposition 2.15.

For 1≤p≤321\leq p\leq\frac{3}{2}, the weighted Sobolev inequality

(2.20) (∫M|u|2​p(A−1/4+|μ→|a)2​p−4dVol)1/p≤C∫M|∇u|2dVol(\int_{M}|u|^{2p}(A^{-1/4}+|\vec{\mu}|_{a})^{2p-4}d\text{Vol})^{1/p}\leq C\int_{M}|\nabla u|^{2}d\text{Vol}

holds for T2T^{2}-invariant functions on (ℂ3,g(2))(\mathbb{C}^{3},g^{(2)}). The constant here depends only on the scale invariant ellipticity bound (2.11)

Proof.

By scaling analysis we may assume A∼1A\sim 1. Let uu be a T2T^{2}-invariant function with ∫M|∇u|2=1\int_{M}|\nabla u|^{2}=1, so descends to a function on the base ℝ4\mathbb{R}^{4}. Since the weighted Sobolev inequality holds on Euclidean ℝ4\mathbb{R}^{4} (by an interpolation of standard Sobolev inequality and Hardy inequality),

(∫ℝ4|u|2​p​(1+|μ→|a)2​p−4​d​Vola)1/p≤C​∫ℝ4|∇gau|2​d​Vola≤C​∫M|∇g(2)u|2​𝑑Vol≤C,(\int_{\mathbb{R}^{4}}|u|^{2p}(1+|\vec{\mu}|_{a})^{2p-4}d\text{Vol}_{a})^{1/p}\leq C\int_{\mathbb{R}^{4}}|\nabla_{g_{a}}u|^{2}d\text{Vol}_{a}\leq C\int_{M}|\nabla_{g^{(2)}}u|^{2}d\text{Vol}\leq C,

where the second inequality is easily seen using the model metric in Section 2.3. The LHS in this inequality is uniformly equivalent to the LHS in (2.20) except in the region {distga(⋅,𝔇)≤1}\{\text{dist}_{g_{a}}(\cdot,\mathfrak{D})\leq 1\}. So we are left to prove

(∫dist​(⋅,𝔇)≲1|u|2​p​(1+|μ→|a)2​p−4​𝑑Vol)1/p≤C.(\int_{\text{dist}(\cdot,\mathfrak{D})\lesssim 1}|u|^{2p}(1+|\vec{\mu}|_{a})^{2p-4}d\text{Vol})^{1/p}\leq C.

For x∈𝔇1,𝔇2,𝔇3x\in\mathfrak{D}_{1},\mathfrak{D}_{2},\mathfrak{D}_{3}, Sobolev inequality on bounded balls imply

(∫B⁡(x,1)|u−u¯​(x)|2​p)1/p≤C​∫B⁡(x,2)|∇u|2,u¯​(x)=Vol​(B⁡(x,1))−1​∫B⁡(x,1)u(\int_{B(x,1)}|u-\bar{u}(x)|^{2p})^{1/p}\leq C\int_{B(x,2)}|\nabla u|^{2},\quad\bar{u}(x)=\text{Vol}(B(x,1))^{-1}\int_{B(x,1)}u

Furthermore we can find a point x′x^{\prime} with dist​(x,x′)≤3\text{dist}(x,x^{\prime})\leq 3, dist​(x′,𝔇)≳2\text{dist}(x^{\prime},\mathfrak{D})\gtrsim 2, and by Sobolev inequality

(∫B⁡(x′,1)|u−u¯​(x′)|2​p)1/p≤C​∫B⁡(x,5)|∇u|2,u¯​(x′)=Vol​(B⁡(x′,1))−1​∫B⁡(x′,1)u.(\int_{B(x^{\prime},1)}|u-\bar{u}(x^{\prime})|^{2p})^{1/p}\leq C\int_{B(x,5)}|\nabla u|^{2},\quad\bar{u}(x^{\prime})=\text{Vol}(B(x^{\prime},1))^{-1}\int_{B(x^{\prime},1)}u.

By Poincaré inequality

|u¯​(x)−u¯​(x′)|2≤∫B⁡(x,5)|∇u|2.|\bar{u}(x)-\bar{u}(x^{\prime})|^{2}\leq\int_{B(x,5)}|\nabla u|^{2}.

Combining these,

(∫B⁡(x,1)|u|2​p)1/p≤C​(∫B⁡(x′,1)|u|2​p)1/p+C​∫B⁡(x,5)|∇u|2.(\int_{B(x,1)}|u|^{2p})^{1/p}\leq C(\int_{B(x^{\prime},1)}|u|^{2p})^{1/p}+C\int_{B(x,5)}|\nabla u|^{2}.

Multiplying this inequality by (1+|μ→|a​(x))(2​p−4)/p(1+|\vec{\mu}|_{a}(x))^{(2p-4)/p}, and summing over x∈𝔇x\in\mathfrak{D}, we obtain

(∫dist​(⋅,𝔇)≲1|u|2​p​(1+|μ→|a)2​p−4​𝑑Vol)1/p≤C​(∫dist​(⋅,𝔇)≳1|u|2​p​(1+|μ→|a)2​p−4​𝑑Vol)1/p+C​∫|∇u|2≤C\begin{split}&(\int_{\text{dist}(\cdot,\mathfrak{D})\lesssim 1}|u|^{2p}(1+|\vec{\mu}|_{a})^{2p-4}d\text{Vol})^{1/p}\\ \leq&C(\int_{\text{dist}(\cdot,\mathfrak{D})\gtrsim 1}|u|^{2p}(1+|\vec{\mu}|_{a})^{2p-4}d\text{Vol})^{1/p}+C\int|\nabla u|^{2}\leq C\end{split}

as required. ∎

Now applying the T2T^{2}-equivariant version of Hein’s result on the Poisson equation,

Corollary 2.16.

Let 2<q<42<q<4 and 0<ϵ<q−20<\epsilon<q-2. There is a bounded Green operator for T2T^{2}-invariant functions

Gg(2):{f∈C0,α|f=O⁡(|μ→|a−q)​ for large |μ→|a}→{u∈C2,α|u=O⁡(|μ→|a2−q+ϵ)}.G_{g^{(2)}}:\{f\in C^{0,\alpha}|f=O(|\vec{\mu}|_{a}^{-q})\text{ for large $|\vec{\mu}|_{a}$}\}\to\{u\in C^{2,\alpha}|u=O(|\vec{\mu}|_{a}^{2-q+\epsilon})\}.

such that u=Gg(2)​fu=G_{g^{(2)}}f satisfies Δg(2)​u=f\Delta_{g^{(2)}}u=f.

This mapping property is rather crude and unsuited for functions with slow decay rates at infinity. Improving our understanding of the Green operator shall be the task of Section 2.8.

Recall from Section 2.3 the model metric gTaubg_{\text{Taub}} on a ℤ\mathbb{Z}-quotient of the space Taub-NUT×ℂ\text{Taub-NUT}\times\mathbb{C}. We can view T2T^{2}-invariant functions as pullbacks of functions on the metric product space Taub-NUT×ℝ\text{Taub-NUT}\times\mathbb{R}. A variant of the above discussions leads to weighted Sobolev inequalities and Green’s function estimates for gTaubg_{\text{Taub}}:

Corollary 2.17.

Let 2<q<42<q<4 and 0<ϵ<q−20<\epsilon<q-2. There is a bounded Green operator for T2T^{2}-invariant functions on the model space with the metric gTaubg_{\text{Taub}}

GTaub:{f∈C0,α|f=O⁡(|μ→|a−q)​ for large |μ→|a}→{u∈C2,α|u=O⁡(|μ→|a2−q+ϵ)}.G_{\text{Taub}}:\{f\in C^{0,\alpha}|f=O(|\vec{\mu}|_{a}^{-q})\text{ for large $|\vec{\mu}|_{a}$}\}\to\{u\in C^{2,\alpha}|u=O(|\vec{\mu}|_{a}^{2-q+\epsilon})\}.

such that u=GTaub​fu=G_{\text{Taub}}f satisfies ΔTaub​u=f\Delta_{\text{Taub}}u=f.

The gist is that the Green’s function for gTaubg_{\text{Taub}} decays like O⁡(|μ→|a−2+ϵ)O(|\vec{\mu}|_{a}^{-2+\epsilon}) at infinity.

Original mathematics by the credited authors. Source-backed reader collection; mathematical self-containment is not assessed.