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2.4. Complex geometric perspective [0401]

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2.4. Complex geometric perspective

We now identify the complex structure on MM with ℂ3\mathbb{C}^{3}. Recall ζi=V(1)i​j​d​μj+−1​ϑi\zeta_{i}=V^{ij}_{(1)}d\mu_{j}+\sqrt{-1}\vartheta_{i} and formula (1.14) for their differentials. The main idea is to produce holomorphic differentials by adjusting ζi\zeta_{i}. The reader can refer to the Taub-NUT Example 1.8 for the warm up.

We define the functions βi​(μ1,μ2,η)\beta_{i}(\mu_{1},\mu_{2},\eta) for i=0,1,2i=0,1,2,

{β1=2​lim(μ1′,μ1′−μ2′)→(+∞,+∞)∫(μ1′,μ2′)(μ1,μ2)∂α1∂η​(s1,s2,η)​d​s1+∂α3∂η​(s1,s2,η)​d​(s1−s2)β2=2​lim(μ2′,μ2′−μ1′)→(+∞,+∞)∫(μ1′,μ2′)(μ1,μ2)∂α2∂η​(s1,s2,η)​d​s2+∂α3∂η​(s1,s2,η)​d​(s2−s1)β0=2lim(μ1′,μ2′)→(−∞,−∞)∫(μ1′,μ2′)(μ1,μ2)−∂α1∂η(s1,s2,η)ds1−∂α2∂η(s1,s2,η)ds2.\begin{cases}\beta_{1}=2\displaystyle\lim_{(\mu_{1}^{\prime},\mu_{1}^{\prime}-\mu_{2}^{\prime})\to(+\infty,+\infty)}\int_{(\mu_{1}^{\prime},\mu_{2}^{\prime})}^{(\mu_{1},\mu_{2})}\frac{\partial\alpha_{1}}{\partial\eta}(s_{1},s_{2},\eta)ds_{1}+\frac{\partial\alpha_{3}}{\partial\eta}(s_{1},s_{2},\eta)d(s_{1}-s_{2})\\ \beta_{2}=2\displaystyle\lim_{(\mu_{2}^{\prime},\mu_{2}^{\prime}-\mu_{1}^{\prime})\to(+\infty,+\infty)}\int_{(\mu_{1}^{\prime},\mu_{2}^{\prime})}^{(\mu_{1},\mu_{2})}\frac{\partial\alpha_{2}}{\partial\eta}(s_{1},s_{2},\eta)ds_{2}+\frac{\partial\alpha_{3}}{\partial\eta}(s_{1},s_{2},\eta)d(s_{2}-s_{1})\\ \beta_{0}=2\displaystyle\lim_{(\mu_{1}^{\prime},\mu_{2}^{\prime})\to(-\infty,-\infty)}\int_{(\mu_{1}^{\prime},\mu_{2}^{\prime})}^{(\mu_{1},\mu_{2})}-\frac{\partial\alpha_{1}}{\partial\eta}(s_{1},s_{2},\eta)ds_{1}-\frac{\partial\alpha_{2}}{\partial\eta}(s_{1},s_{2},\eta)ds_{2}.\end{cases}

In these improper integrals η\eta is held fixed. Here the integrability condition (2.8) ensures the integrands are closed differentials, so the integral is path independent. We can take the limit in the definition of β1\beta_{1}, because

{∂α1∂η=O(a22​η¯(μ12+a22​|η|2)3/2),μ1→∞,∂α3∂η=O⁡((a11+2​a12+a22)​η¯((μ1−μ2)2+(a11+2​a12+a22)​|η|2)3/2),μ1−μ2→∞.\begin{cases}\frac{\partial\alpha_{1}}{\partial\eta}=O(\frac{a_{22}\bar{\eta}}{(\mu_{1}^{2}+a_{22}|\eta|^{2})^{3/2}}),\quad&\mu_{1}\to\infty,\\ \frac{\partial\alpha_{3}}{\partial\eta}=O(\frac{(a_{11}+2a_{12}+a_{22})\bar{\eta}}{((\mu_{1}-\mu_{2})^{2}+(a_{11}+2a_{12}+a_{22})|\eta|^{2})^{3/2}}),&\mu_{1}-\mu_{2}\to\infty.\end{cases}

Likewise with β2,β0\beta_{2},\beta_{0}. The domain of definition of β1,β2,β0\beta_{1},\beta_{2},\beta_{0} are respectively ℝμ1,μ22×ℂη∖{η=0,μ1≤0,μ1≤μ2}\mathbb{R}^{2}_{\mu_{1},\mu_{2}}\times\mathbb{C}_{\eta}\setminus\{\eta=0,\mu_{1}\leq 0,\mu_{1}\leq\mu_{2}\}, ℝμ1,μ22×ℂη∖{η=0,μ2≤0,μ2≤μ1}\mathbb{R}^{2}_{\mu_{1},\mu_{2}}\times\mathbb{C}_{\eta}\setminus\{\eta=0,\mu_{2}\leq 0,\mu_{2}\leq\mu_{1}\}, and ℝμ1,μ22×ℂη∖{η=0,μ1≥0,μ2≥0}\mathbb{R}^{2}_{\mu_{1},\mu_{2}}\times\mathbb{C}_{\eta}\setminus\{\eta=0,\mu_{1}\geq 0,\mu_{2}\geq 0\}; the singularities in the integrands prevent us from defining β0,β1,β2\beta_{0},\beta_{1},\beta_{2} globally.

Lemma 2.7.

By construction

{∂β1∂μ1=2∂∂η(α1+α3)=2∂v11∂η,∂β1∂μ2=2​∂v12∂η,∂β2∂μ1=2∂v21∂η,∂β2∂μ2=2​∂v22∂η∂β0∂μ1=−2∂∂η(v11+v21),∂β0∂μ2=−2​∂∂η​(v12+v22).\begin{cases}\frac{\partial\beta_{1}}{\partial\mu_{1}}=2\frac{\partial}{\partial\eta}(\alpha_{1}+\alpha_{3})=2\frac{\partial v^{11}}{\partial\eta},\quad&\frac{\partial\beta_{1}}{\partial\mu_{2}}=2\frac{\partial v^{12}}{\partial\eta},\\ \frac{\partial\beta_{2}}{\partial\mu_{1}}=2\frac{\partial v^{21}}{\partial\eta},\quad&\frac{\partial\beta_{2}}{\partial\mu_{2}}=2\frac{\partial v^{22}}{\partial\eta}\\ \frac{\partial\beta_{0}}{\partial\mu_{1}}=-2\frac{\partial}{\partial\eta}(v^{11}+v^{21}),\quad&\frac{\partial\beta_{0}}{\partial\mu_{2}}=-2\frac{\partial}{\partial\eta}(v^{12}+v^{22}).\end{cases}\quad

Morever,

∂β1∂η¯=−12​∂w∂μ1,∂β2∂η¯=−12​∂w∂μ2,∂β0∂η¯=12​(∂w∂μ1+∂w∂μ2).\frac{\partial\beta_{1}}{\partial\bar{\eta}}=-\frac{1}{2}\frac{\partial w}{\partial\mu_{1}},\quad\frac{\partial\beta_{2}}{\partial\bar{\eta}}=-\frac{1}{2}\frac{\partial w}{\partial\mu_{2}},\quad\frac{\partial\beta_{0}}{\partial\bar{\eta}}=\frac{1}{2}(\frac{\partial w}{\partial\mu_{1}}+\frac{\partial w}{\partial\mu_{2}}).

Therefore the type (1,0) forms

(2.15) ζ1′=ζ1+β1​d​η,ζ2′=ζ2+β2​d​η,ζ0′=−ζ1−ζ2+β0​d​η\zeta_{1}^{\prime}=\zeta_{1}+\beta_{1}d\eta,\quad\zeta_{2}^{\prime}=\zeta_{2}+\beta_{2}d\eta,\quad\zeta_{0}^{\prime}=-\zeta_{1}-\zeta_{2}+\beta_{0}d\eta

are closed, namely they are holomorphic differentials.

Proof.

The μ1,μ2\mu_{1},\mu_{2} derivatives are clear. For the η¯\bar{\eta} derivative, we can apply the component form of the distributional equation (2.4) away from 𝔇\mathfrak{D}, to see

∂β1∂η¯=2​lim∫∂2v11∂η​∂η¯​d​μ1+∂2v12∂η​∂η¯​d​μ2=−12lim∫∂2w∂μ1​∂μ1dμ1+∂2w∂μ1​∂μ2dμ2=−12∂w∂μ1,\begin{split}\frac{\partial\beta_{1}}{\partial\bar{\eta}}&=2\lim\int\frac{\partial^{2}v^{11}}{\partial\eta\partial\bar{\eta}}d\mu_{1}+\frac{\partial^{2}v^{12}}{\partial\eta\partial\bar{\eta}}d\mu_{2}\\ &=-\frac{1}{2}\lim\int\frac{\partial^{2}w}{\partial\mu_{1}\partial\mu_{1}}d\mu_{1}+\frac{\partial^{2}w}{\partial\mu_{1}\partial\mu_{2}}d\mu_{2}=-\frac{1}{2}\frac{\partial w}{\partial\mu_{1}},\end{split}

where in the last equality we compare the asymptotic values at infinity to show there is no constant term depending on η\eta. Likewise with β2,β0\beta_{2},\beta_{0}. ∎

Lemma 2.8.

The sum β1+β2+β0=1η.\beta_{1}+\beta_{2}+\beta_{0}=\frac{1}{\eta}. Equivalently,

ζ1′+ζ2′+ζ0′=d​log⁡η.\zeta_{1}^{\prime}+\zeta_{2}^{\prime}+\zeta_{0}^{\prime}=d\log\eta.
Proof.

By Lemma 2.7 the sum β1+β2+β0\beta_{1}+\beta_{2}+\beta_{0} is independent of μ1,μ2\mu_{1},\mu_{2}. Given η≠0\eta\neq 0, we shall evaluate this sum at the limit point (μ1→−∞,μ2→−∞,μ1−μ2→+∞)(\mu_{1}\to-\infty,\mu_{2}\to-\infty,\mu_{1}-\mu_{2}\to+\infty). Then β0\beta_{0} has no contribution, while β1\beta_{1} contributes

2​limμ1−μ2→+∞∫μ1=+∞,fix μ1−μ2μ1=−∞∂α1∂η​d​μ1,2\lim_{\mu_{1}-\mu_{2}\to+\infty}\int_{\mu_{1}=+\infty,\text{fix $\mu_{1}-\mu_{2}$}}^{\mu_{1}=-\infty}\frac{\partial\alpha_{1}}{\partial{\eta}}d\mu_{1},

and β2\beta_{2} contributes

2​limμ1→−∞∫μ2=+∞,fix μ1μ2=−∞∂α2∂η​d​μ22\lim_{\mu_{1}\to-\infty}\int_{\mu_{2}=+\infty,\text{fix $\mu_{1}$}}^{\mu_{2}=-\infty}\frac{\partial\alpha_{2}}{\partial{\eta}}d\mu_{2}

plus

−2limμ1→−∞∫μ1−μ2=−∞,fix μ1μ1−μ2=+∞∂α3∂ηd(μ1−μ2).-2\lim_{\mu_{1}\to-\infty}\int_{\mu_{1}-\mu_{2}=-\infty,\text{fix $\mu_{1}$}}^{\mu_{1}-\mu_{2}=+\infty}\frac{\partial\alpha_{3}}{\partial{\eta}}d(\mu_{1}-\mu_{2}).

Observe

limμ1→−∞,fix μ1−μ2α3​(μ1,μ2,η)=12​(μ1−μ2)2+(a11+2​a12+a22)​|η|2,\lim_{\mu_{1}\to-\infty,\text{fix $\mu_{1}-\mu_{2}$}}\alpha_{3}(\mu_{1},\mu_{2},\eta)=\frac{1}{2\sqrt{(\mu_{1}-\mu_{2})^{2}+(a_{11}+2a_{12}+a_{22})|\eta|^{2}}},
limμ1→−∞,fix μ1−μ2∂α3∂η=−(a11+2​a12+a22)​η¯4​((μ1−μ2)2+(a11+2​a12+a22)​|η|2)3/2\lim_{\mu_{1}\to-\infty,\text{fix $\mu_{1}-\mu_{2}$}}\frac{\partial\alpha_{3}}{\partial\eta}=\frac{-(a_{11}+2a_{12}+a_{22})\bar{\eta}}{4((\mu_{1}-\mu_{2})^{2}+(a_{11}+2a_{12}+a_{22})|\eta|^{2})^{3/2}}

Using Lebesgue dominated convergence theorem, the third integral contribution is equal to

(a11+2​a12+a22)​η¯2​∫−∞+∞1(x2+(a11+2​a12+a22)​|η|2)3/2​𝑑x=1η.\frac{(a_{11}+2a_{12}+a_{22})\bar{\eta}}{2}\int_{-\infty}^{+\infty}\frac{1}{(x^{2}+(a_{11}+2a_{12}+a_{22})|\eta|^{2})^{3/2}}dx=\frac{1}{\eta}.

The other two contributions are zero by similar arguments. ∎

Now we notice that the multivalued holomorphic functions

logzi=∫ζi′,i=0,1,2\log z_{i}=\int\zeta_{i}^{\prime},\quad i=0,1,2

have periods in 2​π​−1​ℤ2\pi\sqrt{-1}\mathbb{Z}, so the holomorphic functions z0,z1,z2z_{0},z_{1},z_{2} are well defined on the domain of definition of β0,β1,β2\beta_{0},\beta_{1},\beta_{2} respectively. Appropriate choices of multiplicative constants ensure the functional equation

(2.16) z0​z1​z2=η,z_{0}z_{1}z_{2}=\eta,

which enable us to extend z0,z1,z2z_{0},z_{1},z_{2} over the complement of 𝔇\mathfrak{D} when η=0\eta=0.

Lemma 2.9.

The holomorphic functions z0,z1,z2z_{0},z_{1},z_{2} extend smoothly over 𝔇i⊂𝔇⊂ℝμ1,μ22×ℂη\mathfrak{D}_{i}\subset\mathfrak{D}\subset\mathbb{R}^{2}_{\mu_{1},\mu_{2}}\times\mathbb{C}_{\eta}. The function z0,z1,z2z_{0},z_{1},z_{2} vanish over 𝔇1∪𝔇2\mathfrak{D}_{1}\cup\mathfrak{D}_{2}, 𝔇1∪𝔇3\mathfrak{D}_{1}\cup\mathfrak{D}_{3} and 𝔇2∪𝔇3\mathfrak{D}_{2}\cup\mathfrak{D}_{3} respectively.

Proof.

We focus on the neighbourhood of 𝔇1\mathfrak{D}_{1}. Modulo smooth terms

α1∼12​μ12+a22​|η|2,∂α1∂η∼−a22​η¯4​(μ12+a22​|η|2)3/2,\alpha_{1}\sim\frac{1}{2\sqrt{\mu_{1}^{2}+a_{22}|\eta|^{2}}},\quad\frac{\partial\alpha_{1}}{\partial\eta}\sim-\frac{a_{22}\bar{\eta}}{4({\mu_{1}^{2}+a_{22}|\eta|^{2}})^{3/2}},

so by the integral definitions, along 𝔇1\mathfrak{D}_{1} the function β2\beta_{2} is non-singular, and

β1∼−12​η​(μ1μ12+a22​|η|2−1),β0∼1η−β1=12​η​(μ1μ12+a22​|η|2+1).\beta_{1}\sim\frac{-1}{2\eta}(\frac{\mu_{1}}{\sqrt{\mu_{1}^{2}+a_{22}|\eta|^{2}}}-1),\quad\beta_{0}\sim\frac{1}{\eta}-\beta_{1}=\frac{1}{2\eta}(\frac{\mu_{1}}{\sqrt{\mu_{1}^{2}+a_{22}|\eta|^{2}}}+1).

Now

d​log⁡|z1|=(a11+v11)​d​μ1+(a12+v12)​d​μ2+Re​(β1​d​η)∼12​μ12+a22​|η|2​d​μ1+12​(1−μ1μ12+a22​|η|2)​d​log⁡|η|+a11​d​μ1+a12​d​μ2=12​d​log⁡|η|+12​d​sinh−1⁡(μ1a22​|η|)+d⁡(a11​μ1+a12​μ2),\begin{split}&d\log|z_{1}|=(a_{11}+v^{11})d\mu_{1}+(a_{12}+v^{12})d\mu_{2}+\text{Re}(\beta_{1}d\eta)\\ &\sim\frac{1}{2\sqrt{\mu_{1}^{2}+a_{22}|\eta|^{2}}}d\mu_{1}+\frac{1}{2}(1-\frac{\mu_{1}}{\sqrt{\mu_{1}^{2}+a_{22}|\eta|^{2}}})d\log|\eta|+a_{11}d\mu_{1}+a_{12}d\mu_{2}\\ &=\frac{1}{2}d\log|\eta|+\frac{1}{2}d\sinh^{-1}(\frac{\mu_{1}}{\sqrt{a_{22}}|\eta|})+d(a_{11}\mu_{1}+a_{12}\mu_{2}),\end{split}

hence up to multiplying by a smooth function

|z1|∼const⋅(μ1a22+μ12+a22​|η|2a22)1/2​ea11​μ1+a12​μ2→0|z_{1}|\sim\text{const}\cdot(\frac{\mu_{1}}{\sqrt{a_{22}}}+\sqrt{\frac{\mu_{1}^{2}+a_{22}|\eta|^{2}}{{a_{22}}}})^{1/2}e^{a_{11}\mu_{1}+a_{12}\mu_{2}}\to 0

as the point moves to 𝔇1\mathfrak{D}_{1}. Similarly

|z0|∼const⋅(−μ1a22+μ12+a22​|η|2a22)1/2​e−a11​μ1−a12​μ2−a21​μ1−a22​μ2→0.|z_{0}|\sim\text{const}\cdot(-\frac{\mu_{1}}{\sqrt{a_{22}}}+\sqrt{\frac{\mu_{1}^{2}+a_{22}|\eta|^{2}}{{a_{22}}}})^{1/2}e^{-a_{11}\mu_{1}-a_{12}\mu_{2}-a_{21}\mu_{1}-a_{22}\mu_{2}}\to 0.

The function log⁡z2\log z_{2} encounters no singularity along 𝔇1\mathfrak{D}_{1}. These calculations guarantee the continuous extension of the holomorphic functions z0,z1,z2z_{0},z_{1},z_{2} over 𝔇1\mathfrak{D}_{1}. Since the complex structure is compatible with the smooth topology by Section 2.3, these holomorphic functions in fact extend smoothly along 𝔇1\mathfrak{D}_{1}. We remark that what happens in these calculations is essentially identical to the Taub-NUT metric near the origin. ∎

Next we show continuous extension of z0,z1,z2z_{0},z_{1},z_{2} at the origin.

Lemma 2.10.

The functions z0,z1,z2z_{0},z_{1},z_{2} tend to zero as (μ1,μ2,η)→0(\mu_{1},\mu_{2},\eta)\to 0.

Proof.

To see the main ideas, let us focus on η=0\eta=0 and let μ1,μ2→0\mu_{1},\mu_{2}\to 0. By construction d​log⁡|z1|=V(1)1​j​d​μj+Re​(β1​d​η).d\log|z_{1}|=V^{1j}_{(1)}d\mu_{j}+\text{Re}(\beta_{1}d\eta). Restricted to η=0\eta=0,

d​log⁡|z1|=(a11+v11)​d​μ1+(a11+v12)​d​μ2=d⁡(a11​μ1+a12​μ2)+α1​d​μ1+α3​d​(μ1−μ2),d\log|z_{1}|=(a_{11}+v^{11})d\mu_{1}+(a_{11}+v^{12})d\mu_{2}=d(a_{11}\mu_{1}+a_{12}\mu_{2})+\alpha_{1}d\mu_{1}+\alpha_{3}d(\mu_{1}-\mu_{2}),

hence

|z1|=const⋅ea11​μ1+a12​μ2​exp⁡(∫(μ1,μ2)α1​d​μ1+α3​d​(μ1−μ2)).|z_{1}|=\text{const}\cdot e^{a_{11}\mu_{1}+a_{12}\mu_{2}}\exp\left(\int^{(\mu_{1},\mu_{2})}\alpha_{1}d\mu_{1}+\alpha_{3}d(\mu_{1}-\mu_{2})\right).

We need to show |z1|→0|z_{1}|\to 0 as μ1,μ2→0\mu_{1},\mu_{2}\to 0, namely ∫α1​d​μ1+α3​d​(μ1−μ2)→−∞.\int\alpha_{1}d\mu_{1}+\alpha_{3}d(\mu_{1}-\mu_{2})\to-\infty. Now because α1,α3\alpha_{1},\alpha_{3} are positive, this integral viewed as a function of μ1\mu_{1} and μ1−μ2\mu_{1}-\mu_{2} is an increasing functions of both variables, so it suffices to show this integral decreases to −∞-\infty as (μ1,μ2)→0(\mu_{1},\mu_{2})\to 0 along the ray 𝔇2\mathfrak{D}_{2}:

∫α1​d​μ1+α3​d​(μ1−μ2)=log⁡|μ1|​{12+12​π​arctan⁡(a12A)+12​π​arctan⁡(−a11−a12A)}=log⁡|μ1|​{14+12​π​arctan⁡(a12+a22A)}→−∞,\begin{split}\int\alpha_{1}d\mu_{1}+\alpha_{3}d(\mu_{1}-\mu_{2})=&\log|\mu_{1}|\{\frac{1}{2}+\frac{1}{2\pi}\arctan(\frac{a_{12}}{\sqrt{A}})+\frac{1}{2\pi}\arctan(\frac{-a_{11}-a_{12}}{\sqrt{A}})\}\\ =&\log|\mu_{1}|\{\frac{1}{4}+\frac{1}{2\pi}\arctan(\frac{a_{12}+a_{22}}{\sqrt{A}})\}\to-\infty,\end{split}

where the first equality uses that the arctan functions are constant on the ray 𝔇2\mathfrak{D}_{2}, and the second equality is an elementary trignometric identity.

In the more general case of η≠0\eta\neq 0 the arctan\arctan factor would no longer be exactly constant, but one can still make |z1||z_{1}| arbitrarily small for sufficiently small |η|,μ1,μ2|\eta|,\mu_{1},\mu_{2}. The cases of z0z_{0} and z2z_{2} are completely analogous. ∎

We have defined a holomorphic map from M∖{0}M\setminus\{0\} to ℂz0,z1,z23∖{0}\mathbb{C}^{3}_{z_{0},z_{1},z_{2}}\setminus\{0\}, which extends to a continuous map M→ℂ3M\to\mathbb{C}^{3}.

Proposition 2.11.

The map M∖{0}→ℂz0,z1,z23∖{0}M\setminus\{0\}\to\mathbb{C}^{3}_{z_{0},z_{1},z_{2}}\setminus\{0\} is a biholomorphism. The T2T^{2}-action on the holomorphic functions is identified as

ei​θ1⋅(z0,z1,z2)=(e−i​θ1​z0,ei​θ1​z1,z2),ei​θ2⋅(z0,z1,z2)=(e−i​θ2​z0,z1,ei​θ2​z2).e^{i\theta_{1}}\cdot(z_{0},z_{1},z_{2})=(e^{-i\theta_{1}}z_{0},e^{i\theta_{1}}z_{1},z_{2}),\quad e^{i\theta_{2}}\cdot(z_{0},z_{1},z_{2})=(e^{-i\theta_{2}}z_{0},z_{1},e^{i\theta_{2}}z_{2}).

The holomorphic volume form Ω=−d​z0∧d​z1∧d​z2.\Omega=-dz_{0}\wedge dz_{1}\wedge dz_{2}. Henceforth we identify MM with ℂ3\mathbb{C}^{3}.

Proof.

To identify the T2T^{2}-action we examine the Hamiltonian vector field action. Recall that {∂∂θi}i=1,2\{\frac{\partial}{\partial\theta_{i}}\}_{i=1,2} is dual to the connection {ϑi}i=1,2\{\vartheta_{i}\}_{i=1,2}. We compute

ℒ∂∂θ1​zi=d​zi​(∂∂θ1)=zi​ζi′​(∂∂θ1),\mathcal{L}_{\frac{\partial}{\partial\theta_{1}}}z_{i}=dz_{i}(\frac{\partial}{\partial\theta_{1}})=z_{i}\zeta_{i}^{\prime}(\frac{\partial}{\partial\theta_{1}}),

in particular

ℒ∂∂θ1​z1=z1​−1​ϑ1​(∂∂θ1)=−1​z1,ℒ∂∂θ1​z0=−−1​z0,ℒ∂∂θ1​z2=0,\mathcal{L}_{\frac{\partial}{\partial\theta_{1}}}z_{1}=z_{1}\sqrt{-1}\vartheta_{1}(\frac{\partial}{\partial\theta_{1}})=\sqrt{-1}z_{1},\quad\mathcal{L}_{\frac{\partial}{\partial\theta_{1}}}z_{0}=-\sqrt{-1}z_{0},\quad\mathcal{L}_{\frac{\partial}{\partial\theta_{1}}}z_{2}=0,

from which the first circle action is clear. Likewise with the second circle action.

The holomorphic (3,0)-form Ω\Omega is uniquely determined by the condition that Ω(∂∂θ1,∂∂θ2,⋅)=dη\Omega(\frac{\partial}{\partial\theta_{1}},\frac{\partial}{\partial\theta_{2}},\cdot)=d\eta. But

−dz0∧dz1∧dz2(∂∂θ1,∂∂θ2,⋅)=z0z1dz2+z1z2dz0+z0z2dz1=dη-dz_{0}\wedge dz_{1}\wedge dz_{2}(\frac{\partial}{\partial\theta_{1}},\frac{\partial}{\partial\theta_{2}},\cdot)=z_{0}z_{1}dz_{2}+z_{1}z_{2}dz_{0}+z_{0}z_{2}dz_{1}=d\eta

where in the last step we used the functional equation z0​z1​z2=ηz_{0}z_{1}z_{2}=\eta. This shows Ω=−d​z0∧d​z1∧d​z2\Omega=-dz_{0}\wedge dz_{1}\wedge dz_{2}. In particular the map M∖{0}→ℂ3∖{0}M\setminus\{0\}\to\mathbb{C}^{3}\setminus\{0\} is locally invertible.

To show the map is a homeomorphism, we notice that it is compatible with the fibration structure M→ℂηM\to\mathbb{C}_{\eta} and ℂ3→ℂη\mathbb{C}^{3}\to\mathbb{C}_{\eta}, so it suffices to show the fibres are identified, which follows from looking at the complexification of the T2T^{2}-action into a (ℂ∗)2(\mathbb{C}^{*})^{2}-action.

Combining the above proves the biholomorphism claim. ∎

Remark 2.8.

Recall from Section 2.1 the additional U⁡(1)U(1)-symmetry

μi↦μi,η↦ei​θ​η,\mu_{i}\mapsto\mu_{i},\quad\eta\mapsto e^{i\theta}\eta,

acting on the base, which lifts to some T2T^{2}-equivariant action on MM preserving the metric and rotating Ω\Omega. Properly speaking, the continuous symmetry group fits naturally into an extension sequence

1→T2→U​(1)3→U⁡(1)→1,1\to T^{2}\to U(1)^{3}\to U(1)\to 1,

and we are making a non-unique choice to split the extension. A particular choice can be identified complex geometrically as

(z1,z2,z0)↦(z1,z2,ei​θ​z0).(z_{1},z_{2},z_{0})\mapsto(z_{1},z_{2},e^{i\theta}z_{0}).

It is instructive to understand the T2T^{2}-invariant Kähler metric in the complex geometric picture near spatial infinity. The reader will not fail to notice the analogy with the Taub-NUT metric. Our ℂ3\mathbb{C}^{3} admits a holomorphic fibration η=z0​z1​z2\eta=z_{0}z_{1}z_{2}. Far away from η=0\eta=0, we are in the constant solution regime, so to leading order

{d​log⁡z1∼a11​d​μ1+a12​d​μ2+−1​ϑ1,d​log⁡z2∼a21​d​μ1+a22​d​μ2+−1​ϑ2,d​log⁡z0∼−d​log⁡z1−d​log⁡z2,Vi​j(1)∼ai​j,W(1)∼A,\begin{cases}d\log z_{1}\sim a_{11}d\mu_{1}+a_{12}d\mu_{2}+\sqrt{-1}\vartheta_{1},\\ d\log z_{2}\sim a_{21}d\mu_{1}+a_{22}d\mu_{2}+\sqrt{-1}\vartheta_{2},\\ d\log z_{0}\sim-d\log z_{1}-d\log z_{2},\\ V^{ij}_{(1)}\sim a_{ij},\quad W_{(1)}\sim A,\end{cases}

hence the Kähler form is to leading order

(2.17) ω(1)∼A​−12​d​η∧d​η¯+d​μj∧ϑj∼−12​(∑i,j=1,2ai​j​d​log⁡zi∧d​log⁡zj¯+A​d​η∧d​η¯).\omega^{(1)}\sim A\frac{\sqrt{-1}}{2}d\eta\wedge d\bar{\eta}+d\mu_{j}\wedge\vartheta_{j}\sim\frac{\sqrt{-1}}{2}(\sum_{i,j=1,2}a^{ij}d\log z_{i}\wedge d\overline{\log z_{j}}+Ad\eta\wedge d\bar{\eta}).

This means in the horizontal direction the dominant term of ω(1)\omega^{(1)} is the pullback of a Euclidean metric −12​A​d​η∧d​η¯\frac{\sqrt{-1}}{2}Ad\eta\wedge d\bar{\eta} on ℂη\mathbb{C}_{\eta}, and in the vertical direction ω(1)\omega^{(1)} is an almost flat metric on the fibre {z1z2z0=η}≃(ℂ∗)2\{z_{1}z_{2}z_{0}=\eta\}\simeq(\mathbb{C}^{*})^{2} written in the log coordinates.

When η\eta becomes small, the fibre will gradually break up into the union of 3 coordinate planes. Suppose at least two of |z0|,|z1|,|z2||z_{0}|,|z_{1}|,|z_{2}| remain large, then we are still far from the discriminant locus 𝔇\mathfrak{D}, and the metric asymptote (2.17) still applies. In particular the central fibre {η=0}\{\eta=0\} has 3 asymptotic branches, exemplified by {z0=0,|z1|≫1,|z2|≫1}\{z_{0}=0,|z_{1}|\gg 1,|z_{2}|\gg 1\} which is metrically asymptotic to flat ℝ2×T2\mathbb{R}^{2}\times T^{2}.

Finally the neighbourhood of {zi=zj=0}\{z_{i}=z_{j}=0\} corresponds to the discriminant locus 𝔇\mathfrak{D}. We focus on {z1=z0=0}\{z_{1}=z_{0}=0\} corresponding to 𝔇1\mathfrak{D}_{1}. Approximately d​log⁡z2∼a12​d​μ1+a22​d​μ2+−1​ϑ2d\log z_{2}\sim a_{12}d\mu_{1}+a_{22}d\mu_{2}+\sqrt{-1}\vartheta_{2}, and the function log⁡z2∈ℝ×S1\log z_{2}\in\mathbb{R}\times S^{1} provides a fibration structure over the cylinder ℂ∗≃ℝ×S1\mathbb{C}^{*}\simeq\mathbb{R}\times S^{1}, where the fibres are approximately ℂ2\mathbb{C}^{2} with the Taub-NUT metric (cf. Section 2.3).

Original mathematics by the credited authors. Source-backed reader collection; mathematical self-containment is not assessed.