2.4. Complex geometric perspective
We now identify the complex structure on with . Recall and formula (1.14) for their differentials. The main idea is to produce holomorphic differentials by adjusting . The reader can refer to the Taub-NUT Example 1.8 for the warm up.
We define the functions for ,
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In these improper integrals is held fixed. Here the integrability condition (2.8) ensures the integrands are closed differentials, so the integral is path independent. We can take the limit in the definition of , because
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Likewise with .
The domain of definition of are respectively , , and
; the singularities in the integrands prevent us from defining globally.
Lemma 2.7.
By construction
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Morever,
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Therefore the type (1,0) forms
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are closed, namely they are holomorphic differentials.
Proof.
The derivatives are clear. For the derivative, we can apply the component form of the distributional equation (2.4) away from , to see
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where in the last equality we compare the asymptotic values at infinity to show there is no constant term depending on . Likewise with .
∎
Lemma 2.8.
The sum
Equivalently,
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Proof.
By Lemma 2.7 the sum is independent of . Given , we shall evaluate this sum at the limit point . Then has no contribution, while contributes
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and contributes
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plus
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Observe
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Using Lebesgue dominated convergence theorem, the third integral contribution is equal to
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The other two contributions are zero by similar arguments.
∎
Now we notice that the multivalued holomorphic functions
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have periods in , so the holomorphic functions are well defined on the domain of definition of respectively. Appropriate choices of multiplicative constants ensure the functional equation
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which enable us to extend over the complement of when .
Lemma 2.9.
The holomorphic functions extend smoothly over . The function vanish over , and respectively.
Proof.
We focus on the neighbourhood of . Modulo smooth terms
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so by the integral definitions, along the function is non-singular, and
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Now
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hence up to multiplying by a smooth function
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as the point moves to . Similarly
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The function encounters no singularity along . These calculations guarantee the continuous extension of the holomorphic functions over . Since the complex structure is compatible with the smooth topology by Section 2.3, these holomorphic functions in fact extend smoothly along .
We remark that what happens in these calculations is essentially identical to the Taub-NUT metric near the origin.
∎
Next we show continuous extension of at the origin.
Lemma 2.10.
The functions tend to zero as .
Proof.
To see the main ideas, let us focus on and let . By construction
Restricted to ,
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hence
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We need to show as , namely
Now because are positive, this integral viewed as a function of and is an increasing functions of both variables, so it suffices to show
this integral decreases to as along the ray :
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where the first equality uses that the arctan functions are constant on the ray , and the second equality is an elementary trignometric identity.
In the more general case of
the factor would no longer be exactly constant, but one can still make arbitrarily small for sufficiently small . The cases of and are completely analogous.
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We have defined a holomorphic map from to , which extends to a continuous map .
Proposition 2.11.
The map is a biholomorphism.
The -action on the holomorphic functions is identified as
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The holomorphic volume form
Henceforth we identify with .
Proof.
To identify the -action we examine the Hamiltonian vector field action. Recall that is dual to the connection . We compute
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in particular
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from which the first circle action is clear. Likewise with the second circle action.
The holomorphic (3,0)-form is uniquely determined by the condition that . But
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where in the last step we used the functional equation . This shows . In particular the map is locally invertible.
To show the map is a homeomorphism, we notice that it is compatible with the fibration structure and , so it suffices to show the fibres are identified, which follows from looking at the complexification of the -action into a -action.
Combining the above proves the biholomorphism claim.
∎
Remark 2.8.
Recall from Section 2.1 the additional -symmetry
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acting on the base,
which lifts to some -equivariant action on preserving the metric and rotating . Properly speaking, the continuous symmetry group fits naturally into an extension sequence
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and we are making a non-unique choice to split the extension.
A particular choice can be identified complex geometrically as
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It is instructive to understand the -invariant Kähler metric in the complex geometric picture near spatial infinity. The reader will not fail to notice the analogy with the Taub-NUT metric. Our admits a holomorphic fibration . Far away from , we are in the constant solution regime, so to leading order
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hence the Kähler form is to leading order
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This means in the horizontal direction the dominant term of is the pullback of a Euclidean metric on , and in the vertical direction is an almost flat metric on the fibre written in the log coordinates.
When becomes small, the fibre will gradually break up into the union of 3 coordinate planes. Suppose at least two of remain large, then we are still far from the discriminant locus , and the metric asymptote (2.17) still applies. In particular the central fibre has 3 asymptotic branches, exemplified by which is metrically asymptotic to flat .
Finally the neighbourhood of corresponds to the discriminant locus . We focus on corresponding to . Approximately , and the function provides a fibration structure over the cylinder , where the fibres are approximately with the Taub-NUT metric (cf. Section 2.3).