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1.2.1. Elementary examples [03YW]

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1.2.1. Elementary examples

Example 1.6.

(Constant solution) The simplest solution is where Vi​jV^{ij} and Wp​q¯W^{p\bar{q}} are independent of the base variables and satisfy (1.9). We shall see that many interesting solutions can be thought heuristically as perturbation of the constant solution after introducing some topology. Some important special cases for us are:

  • •

    N=2,𝔫=1N=2,\mathfrak{n}=1, V=W=A>0V=W=A>0. The subcase where η\eta takes value in ℂ\mathbb{C} is relevant for the Taub-NUT metric (cf. Example 1.8), and the subcase where η\eta is a periodic variable is relevant for the Ooguri-Vafa metric (cf. Section 1.3). In the periodic case the choice of the connection ϑ\vartheta is parametrised by H1​(S1×ℝ2,S1)≃S1H^{1}(S^{1}\times\mathbb{R}^{2},S^{1})\simeq S^{1}.

  • •

    N=3,𝔫=2N=3,\mathfrak{n}=2, Vi​j=ai​jV^{ij}=a_{ij} is symmetric positive definite, and W=A=det(ai​j)W=A=\det(a_{ij}). We write ga=ai​j​d​μi​d​μj+A​|d​η|2g_{a}=a_{ij}d\mu_{i}d\mu_{j}+A|d\eta|^{2}. The subcase where η\eta takes value in ℂ\mathbb{C} will be relevant for constructing new Taub-NUT type Calabi-Yau metrics on ℂ3\mathbb{C}^{3}, and the subcase where η\eta is a periodic variable will be relevant for the positive vertex. In the periodic case the choice of the connection ϑ\vartheta is parametrised by H1​(S1×ℝ3,T2)≃T2H^{1}(S^{1}\times\mathbb{R}^{3},T^{2})\simeq T^{2}.

  • •

    N=3,𝔫=1N=3,\mathfrak{n}=1, Wp​q¯=ap​q¯W^{p\bar{q}}=a_{p\bar{q}} is Hermitian, and V=A=det(ap​q¯)V=A=\det(a_{p\bar{q}}). We write ga=Re​(ap​q¯​d​ηp​d​η¯q)+A​d​μ⊗d​μg_{a}=\text{Re}(a_{p\bar{q}}d\eta_{p}d\bar{\eta}_{q})+Ad\mu\otimes d\mu. Here η1,η2\eta_{1},\eta_{2} are periodic coordinates with period 1. The choice of the connection ϑ\vartheta is parametrised by H1​(T2×ℝ3,S1)≃T2H^{1}(T^{2}\times\mathbb{R}^{3},S^{1})\simeq T^{2}. This case will be relevant for the negative vertex. Notice that if we demand that the fibration on MM induced by μ,Im​(η1),Im​(η2)\mu,\text{Im}(\eta_{1}),\text{Im}(\eta_{2}) is a special Lagrangian fibration with phase zero, then we would need a1​2¯=a2​1¯a_{1\bar{2}}=a_{2\bar{1}}, namely ap​q=ap​q¯a_{pq}=a_{p\bar{q}} is symmetric.

Example 1.7.

(ℂN\mathbb{C}^{N} Harvey-Lawson example) The affine space ℂN\mathbb{C}^{N} with the standard Euclidean metric ω=−12​∑i=0N−1d​zi∧d​z¯i\omega=\frac{\sqrt{-1}}{2}\sum_{i=0}^{N-1}dz_{i}\wedge d\bar{z}_{i} and holomorphic volume form Ω=−1N−1​d​z0∧…​d​zN−1\Omega=\sqrt{-1}^{N-1}dz_{0}\wedge\ldots dz_{N-1} admits a diagonal TN−1T^{N-1}-action, where the kk-th circle factor acts by

ei​θk⋅(z0,z1,…,zN−1)=(e−i​θk​z0,z1,…,ei​θk​zk,zk+1,…,zN−1).e^{i\theta_{k}}\cdot(z_{0},z_{1},\ldots,z_{N-1})=(e^{-i\theta_{k}}z_{0},z_{1},\ldots,e^{i\theta_{k}}z_{k},z_{k+1},\ldots,z_{N-1}).

The corresponding moment coordinates are

μi=12(|zi|2−|z0|2),i=1,2,…N−1, and η=z0z1…zN−1.\mu_{i}=\frac{1}{2}(|z_{i}|^{2}-|z_{0}|^{2}),\quad i=1,2,\ldots N-1,\text{ and }\eta=z_{0}z_{1}\ldots z_{N-1}.

This defines a TN−1T^{N-1}-bundle away from the singular locus ⋃{zi=zj=0}\bigcup\{z_{i}=z_{j}=0\}. Special cases include (1.1)(1.3). The inverse matrices are

(V−1)i​j=|z0|2+δi​j​|zi|2,W−1=|z0​z1​…​zN−1|2​(1|z0|2+…+1|zN−1|2),(V^{-1})^{ij}=|z_{0}|^{2}+\delta_{ij}|z_{i}|^{2},\quad W^{-1}=|z_{0}z_{1}\ldots z_{N-1}|^{2}\left(\frac{1}{|z_{0}|^{2}}+\ldots+\frac{1}{|z_{N-1}|^{2}}\right),

viewed as functions of μi\mu_{i} and η\eta. The special Lagrangian fibration described by Remark 1.6 is the well known Harvey-Lawson example.

We notice in particular when N=3N=3 that the discriminant locus of the singular T2T^{2}-bundle is given by 𝔇⊂ℝμ1,μ22×{0}⊂ℝμ1,μ22×ℂη\mathfrak{D}\subset\mathbb{R}^{2}_{\mu_{1},\mu_{2}}\times\{0\}\subset\mathbb{R}^{2}_{\mu_{1},\mu_{2}}\times\mathbb{C}_{\eta} as in (1.2). This is not an accidental feature of the Euclidean metric:

Lemma 1.6.

Let ℂ3\mathbb{C}^{3} be equipped with the holomorphic volume form Ω\Omega above, and let ω\omega be any T2T^{2}-invariant Kähler form with infinite volume on the singular loci {zi=zj=0}\{z_{i}=z_{j}=0\} for any i,ji,j. Then the discriminant locus of the singular T2T^{2}-bundle is 𝔇⊂ℝμ1,μ22×ℂη\mathfrak{D}\subset\mathbb{R}^{2}_{\mu_{1},\mu_{2}}\times\mathbb{C}_{\eta} in moment coordinates μ1,μ2\mu_{1},\mu_{2} and η\eta.

Proof.

The discriminant locus is the image of the singular locus 𝒞i​j={zi=zj=0}\mathcal{C}_{ij}=\{z_{i}=z_{j}=0\} under the moment map. We shall focus on 𝒞01\mathcal{C}_{01}. The holomorphic moment coordinate η\eta depends only on Ω\Omega and the T2T^{2} action, so η=z0​z1​z2\eta=z_{0}z_{1}z_{2} as before and vanishes on 𝒞01\mathcal{C}_{01}. The symplectic moment coordinates are defined by d​μi=−ι∂∂θi​ωd\mu_{i}=-\iota_{\frac{\partial}{\partial\theta_{i}}}\omega, and are normalised to be zero at (z1,z2,z3)=0(z_{1},z_{2},z_{3})=0. In particular since the Hamiltonian vector field ∂∂θ1\frac{\partial}{\partial\theta_{1}} vanishes on 𝒞01\mathcal{C}_{01}, the moment μ1\mu_{1} must be the constant zero on 𝒞01\mathcal{C}_{01}. Furthermore μ2>0\mu_{2}>0 on 𝒞01\mathcal{C}_{01} by considering the weight of the remaining S1S^{1} action at the fixed point, so the image of 𝒞01\mathcal{C}_{01} is contained in 𝔇1∪{0}\mathfrak{D}_{1}\cup\{0\}. The infinite volume condition and the formula

0≤∫𝒞01∩{μ2<m}ω=−2π∫μ2=m0dμ2=2πm,∀m≥0,0\leq\int_{\mathcal{C}_{01}\cap\{\mu_{2}<m\}}\omega=-2\pi\int_{\mu_{2}=m}^{0}d\mu_{2}=2\pi m,\quad\forall m\geq 0,

ensure that μ2\mu_{2} stretches to infinity, so 𝔇1∪{0}\mathfrak{D}_{1}\cup\{0\} is the image of 𝒞01\mathcal{C}_{01}. Likewise the image of 𝒞02\mathcal{C}_{02} is 𝔇2∪{0}\mathfrak{D}_{2}\cup\{0\} and the image of 𝒞12\mathcal{C}_{12} is 𝔇3∪{0}\mathfrak{D}_{3}\cup\{0\}. ∎

Remark 1.9.

The same method shows the complex geometry of the positive vertex in Section 1.1.6 is compatible with the discriminant locus described in Section 1.1.3.

Example 1.8.

(Taub-NUT) We take N=2,𝔫=1N=2,\mathfrak{n}=1, and V=W=12​μ2+|η|2+AV=W=\frac{1}{2\sqrt{\mu^{2}+|\eta|^{2}}}+A, where AA is a positive constant. This defines a Calabi-Yau metric whose asymptotic geometry at infinity approaches the constant solution (cf. Example 1.6), with asymptotic circles of length 2​πA\frac{2\pi}{\sqrt{A}} fibred over a flat 3-dimensional base. Different choices of AA define the same metric up to scaling. The first Chern class c1c_{1} of the S1S^{1}-bundle over (ℝμ×ℂη)∖{0}(\mathbb{R}_{\mu}\times\mathbb{C}_{\eta})\setminus\{0\} evaluates to −1-1 on any sphere around the origin in ℝμ×ℂη\mathbb{R}_{\mu}\times\mathbb{C}_{\eta}; equivalently, the 3-current −12​π​d​F-\frac{1}{2\pi}dF is represented by the origin 0∈ℝμ×ℂη0\in\mathbb{R}_{\mu}\times\mathbb{C}_{\eta} viewed as a codimension 3 cycle. Written in terms of the delta function,

12​π​d​F=12​π​(∂2∂μ2+4​∂2∂η​∂η¯)​V​d​μ∧d​Re​η∧d​Im​η=−δ⁡(μ,η,η¯)​d​μ∧d​Re​η∧d​Im​η.\frac{1}{2\pi}dF=\frac{1}{2\pi}(\frac{\partial^{2}}{\partial\mu^{2}}+4\frac{\partial^{2}}{\partial\eta\partial\bar{\eta}})Vd\mu\wedge d\text{Re}\eta\wedge d\text{Im}{\eta}=-\delta(\mu,\eta,\bar{\eta})d\mu\wedge d\text{Re}\eta\wedge d\text{Im}{\eta}.

From the holomorphic perspective, LeBrun [17] observes that the Taub-NUT space is biholomorphic to ℂ2\mathbb{C}^{2}. To see this, recall ζ=V​d​μ+−1​ϑ\zeta=Vd\mu+\sqrt{-1}\vartheta and notice the (1,0) form ζ−μ2​η​μ2+|η|2​d​η\zeta-\frac{\mu}{2\eta\sqrt{\mu^{2}+|\eta|^{2}}}d\eta is closed, so locally is the differential of a holomorphic function. The line integrals

logz1=∫ζ+(12​η−μ2​η​μ2+|η|2)dη,logz0=∫−ζ+(12​η+μ2​η​μ2+|η|2)dη\log z_{1}=\int\zeta+(\frac{1}{2\eta}-\frac{\mu}{2\eta\sqrt{\mu^{2}+|\eta|^{2}}})d\eta,\quad\log z_{0}=\int-\zeta+(\frac{1}{2\eta}+\frac{\mu}{2\eta\sqrt{\mu^{2}+|\eta|^{2}}})d\eta

define holomorphic functions up to 2​π​−1​ℤ2\pi\sqrt{-1}\mathbb{Z} over the regions ℝ×ℂ∖{η=0,μ≤0}\mathbb{R}\times\mathbb{C}\setminus\{\eta=0,\mu\leq 0\} and ℝ×ℂ∖{η=0,μ≥0}\mathbb{R}\times\mathbb{C}\setminus\{\eta=0,\mu\geq 0\} respectively, so z1z_{1} and z0z_{0} are well defined over the respective regions. Since d​log⁡z1+d​log⁡z0=d​log⁡ηd\log z_{1}+d\log z_{0}=d\log\eta we can normalise z0,z1z_{0},z_{1} to satisfy the functional equation z1​z0=ηz_{1}z_{0}=\eta, whence z1z_{1} and z0z_{0} extend as global holomorphic functions. These coordinates exhibit the biholomorphism to ℂ2\mathbb{C}^{2}. By considering the Hamiltonian vector field acting on log⁡z1,log⁡z0\log z_{1},\log z_{0}, we idenitfy the S1S^{1} action as

ei​θ⋅(z1,z0)=(ei​θ​z1,e−i​θ​z0).e^{i\theta}\cdot(z_{1},z_{0})=(e^{i\theta}z_{1},e^{-i\theta}z_{0}).

The holomorphic volume form is

Ω=−−1​ζ∧d​η=−−1​d​log⁡z1∧d⁡(z1​z0)=−1​d​z0∧d​z1.\Omega=-\sqrt{-1}\zeta\wedge d\eta=-\sqrt{-1}d\log z_{1}\wedge d(z_{1}z_{0})=\sqrt{-1}dz_{0}\wedge dz_{1}.

Thus η=z0​z1\eta=z_{0}z_{1} defines holomorphic fibration of ℂ2\mathbb{C}^{2} by affine quadrics. The generic quadric fibre is topologically a cylinder, and metrically is also approaching the flat cylindrical metric near spatial infinity. When η=0\eta=0, the quadric fibre degenerates into a union of two complex lines with simple normal crossing, where each line looks metrically like a cylinder with one capped end.

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