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4. The limit hybrid model [015R]

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4. The limit hybrid model

Let Ο€:Xβ†’π”»βˆ—\pi\colon X\to{\mathbb{D}}^{*} be a proper submersion, with XX a connected complex manifold. Assume that Ο€\pi is meromorphic over 0βˆˆπ”»0\in{\mathbb{D}} in the sense that it admits a model Ο€:𝒳→𝔻\pi\colon{\mathcal{X}}\to{\mathbb{D}}, that is, 𝒳{\mathcal{X}} is a normal complex space, Ο€\pi is a flat proper map, and we are given an isomorphism Xβ‰ƒΟ€βˆ’1​(π”»βˆ—)X\simeq\pi^{-1}({\mathbb{D}}^{*}) over π”»βˆ—{\mathbb{D}}^{*}. We say that 𝒳{\mathcal{X}} is an snc model (of XX) if 𝒳{\mathcal{X}} is smooth and the Cartier divisor 𝒳0:=Ο€βˆ’1​(0){\mathcal{X}}_{0}:=\pi^{-1}(0) has simple normal crossing support. Such models always exist by Hironaka’s theorem.

To any snc model 𝒳{\mathcal{X}} we can associate as inΒ Β§2 a hybrid space 𝒳hyb{\mathcal{X}}^{\mathrm{hyb}}, that of course depends on 𝒳{\mathcal{X}}. In this section we define a canonical hybrid space XhybX^{\mathrm{hyb}}, obtained as the inverse limit of the 𝒳hyb{\mathcal{X}}^{\mathrm{hyb}}, that does not have this defect. We then prove TheoremΒ B from the introduction.

In the projective case, we show that the both the central fiber X0hybX^{\mathrm{hyb}}_{0} and the closed subset X𝔻rΒ―hybX^{\mathrm{hyb}}_{\overline{{\mathbb{D}}_{r}}} can be viewed as analytifications in the sense of Berkovich.

4.1. Snc models and simple blowups

Given any two models 𝒳{\mathcal{X}}, 𝒳′{\mathcal{X}}^{\prime} of XX, there is a canonical bimeromorphic map 𝒳′⇒𝒳{\mathcal{X}}^{\prime}\dashrightarrow{\mathcal{X}}, and we say that 𝒳′{\mathcal{X}}^{\prime} dominates 𝒳{\mathcal{X}} if this map is a morphism. Any two models 𝒳{\mathcal{X}}, 𝒳′{\mathcal{X}}^{\prime} is dominated by a third, for instance the normalization of the graph of 𝒳⇒𝒳′{\mathcal{X}}\dashrightarrow{\mathcal{X}}^{\prime}. By Hironaka’s theorem, any model is dominated by an snc model. Thus the set of models forms a directed set, in which snc models are cofinal.

Suppose 𝒳{\mathcal{X}} is an snc model and that 𝒳′{\mathcal{X}}^{\prime} is another model that dominates 𝒳{\mathcal{X}} via ρ:𝒳′→𝒳\rho\colon{\mathcal{X}}^{\prime}\to{\mathcal{X}}. As inΒ [KS06, DefinitionΒ 22] we say that ρ\rho is a simple blowup if it is a blowup along a smooth, connected complex subspace WW of 𝒳0{\mathcal{X}}_{0} meeting transversely (or not at all) every irreducible component of 𝒳0{\mathcal{X}}_{0} that does not contain it. In this case, 𝒳′{\mathcal{X}}^{\prime} is also an snc model.

Lemma 4.1.

Suppose 𝒳{\mathcal{X}} and 𝒳′{\mathcal{X}}^{\prime} are snc models and that 𝒳′{\mathcal{X}}^{\prime} dominates 𝒳{\mathcal{X}} via ρ:𝒳′→𝒳\rho\colon{\mathcal{X}}^{\prime}\to{\mathcal{X}}. Then there exists a third snc model 𝒳′′{\mathcal{X}}^{\prime\prime} dominating 𝒳′{\mathcal{X}}^{\prime}, such that the induced map 𝒳′′→𝒳{\mathcal{X}}^{\prime\prime}\to{\mathcal{X}} is a composition of simple blowups.

We are grateful to Bernard Teissier for help with the following argument.

Proof.

By Hironaka’s version of the Chow theorem (in turn a consequence of the flattening theorem), seeΒ [Hir75, CorollaryΒ 2], there exists a complex manifold 𝒳′′{\mathcal{X}}^{\prime\prime} and a projective bimeromorphic morphism 𝒳′′→𝒳{\mathcal{X}}^{\prime\prime}\to{\mathcal{X}} such that 𝒳′′{\mathcal{X}}^{\prime\prime} dominates 𝒳′{\mathcal{X}}^{\prime}. Since 𝒳′→𝒳{\mathcal{X}}^{\prime}\to{\mathcal{X}} is an isomorphism above XX, the construction inΒ [Hir75] further guarantees that 𝒳′′→𝒳{\mathcal{X}}^{\prime\prime}\to{\mathcal{X}} is an isomorphism above XX. Indeed, the proof proceeds by blowing up well-chosen smooth centers contained in the non-flat locus of 𝒳′→𝒳{\mathcal{X}}^{\prime}\to{\mathcal{X}}, see DΓ©finitionΒ 4.4.3Β (2) in loc. cit.

We may therefore assume that 𝒳′→𝒳{\mathcal{X}}^{\prime}\to{\mathcal{X}} itself is projective, and more precisely the blowup of an ideal II cosupported on 𝒳0{\mathcal{X}}_{0}. By the principalization theorem for ideals, there exists a projective bimeromorphic morphism 𝒳′′→𝒳{\mathcal{X}}^{\prime\prime}\to{\mathcal{X}} that is a composition of simple blowups, such that the pullback of II to 𝒳′′{\mathcal{X}}^{\prime\prime} is a principal ideal, seeΒ [Kol07, TheoremΒ 3.45] orΒ [WΕ‚o09, TheoremΒ 2.0.3]. In particular, 𝒳′′{\mathcal{X}}^{\prime\prime} dominates 𝒳′{\mathcal{X}}^{\prime}. ∎

4.2. Induced maps between dual complexes

Suppose 𝒳′{\mathcal{X}}^{\prime} and 𝒳{\mathcal{X}} are snc models with 𝒳′{\mathcal{X}}^{\prime} dominating 𝒳{\mathcal{X}} via ρ:𝒳′→𝒳\rho\colon{\mathcal{X}}^{\prime}\to{\mathcal{X}}. There is then an integral affine map

r𝒳​𝒳′:Δ⁑(𝒳′)→Δ⁑(𝒳),r_{{\mathcal{X}}{\mathcal{X}}^{\prime}}\colon\Delta({\mathcal{X}}^{\prime})\to\Delta({\mathcal{X}}),

defined as follows. Consider any simplex Οƒβ€²\sigma^{\prime} of Δ⁑(𝒳′)\Delta({\mathcal{X}}^{\prime}) and let Yβ€²Y^{\prime} be the corresponding stratum. There exists a unique minimal stratum YY of 𝒳0{\mathcal{X}}_{0} such that ρ⁑(Yβ€²)βŠ‚Y\rho(Y^{\prime})\subset Y. Let Οƒ=ΟƒY\sigma=\sigma_{Y} be the corresponding simplex. Let EiE_{i}, 0≀i≀p0\leq i\leq p (resp. Ejβ€²E^{\prime}_{j}, 0≀j≀pβ€²0\leq j\leq p^{\prime}) be the irreducible components of 𝒳0{\mathcal{X}}_{0} cutting out YY (resp. Yβ€²Y^{\prime}). Then

Οβˆ—β€‹Ei=βˆ‘j=0pβ€²ai​j​Ejβ€²,\rho^{*}E_{i}=\sum_{j=0}^{p^{\prime}}a_{ij}E^{\prime}_{j},

for 0≀i≀p0\leq i\leq p, where ai​jβˆˆβ„€>0a_{ij}\in{\mathbb{Z}}_{>0}.

We can realize the simplex Οƒ\sigma (resp. Οƒβ€²\sigma^{\prime}) as the subset {βˆ‘i=0pbiwi=1}βŠ‚β„+p+1\{\sum_{i=0}^{p}b_{i}w_{i}=1\}\subset{\mathbb{R}}_{+}^{p+1} (resp. {βˆ‘j=0pβ€²bjβ€²wjβ€²=1}βŠ‚β„+pβ€²+1\{\sum_{j=0}^{p^{\prime}}b^{\prime}_{j}w^{\prime}_{j}=1\}\subset{\mathbb{R}}_{+}^{p^{\prime}+1}), where bib_{i} (resp. bjβ€²b^{\prime}_{j}) is the multiplicity of EiE_{i} in 𝒳0{\mathcal{X}}_{0} (resp. of Ejβ€²E^{\prime}_{j} in 𝒳0β€²{\mathcal{X}}^{\prime}_{0}). The restriction of r𝒳​𝒳′r_{{\mathcal{X}}{\mathcal{X}}^{\prime}} to Οƒβ€²\sigma^{\prime} is then given by

wi=βˆ‘j=0pβ€²ai​j​wjβ€².w_{i}=\sum_{j=0}^{p^{\prime}}a_{ij}w^{\prime}_{j}. (4.1)

for 0≀i≀p0\leq i\leq p. It is clear that r𝒳​𝒳′r_{{\mathcal{X}}{\mathcal{X}}^{\prime}} defines a continuous, integral affine map from Δ⁑(𝒳′)\Delta({\mathcal{X}}^{\prime}) to Δ⁑(𝒳)\Delta({\mathcal{X}}). Further, if 𝒳{\mathcal{X}}, 𝒳′{\mathcal{X}}^{\prime} and 𝒳′′{\mathcal{X}}^{\prime\prime} are snc models with 𝒳′′{\mathcal{X}}^{\prime\prime} dominating 𝒳′{\mathcal{X}}^{\prime}, and 𝒳′{\mathcal{X}}^{\prime} dominating 𝒳{\mathcal{X}}, then rπ’³β€‹π’³β€²βˆ˜r𝒳′​𝒳′′=r𝒳​𝒳′′r_{{\mathcal{X}}{\mathcal{X}}^{\prime}}\circ r_{{\mathcal{X}}^{\prime}{\mathcal{X}}^{\prime\prime}}=r_{{\mathcal{X}}{\mathcal{X}}^{\prime\prime}}.

In general, it may happen that ρ⁑(Yβ€²)\rho(Y^{\prime}) is a strict subvariety of YY, and the linear map defining r𝒳​𝒳′|Οƒβ€²r_{{\mathcal{X}}{\mathcal{X}}^{\prime}}|_{\sigma^{\prime}} could fail to be injective or surjective.

Definition 4.2.

With notation as above, we say that Οƒβ€²\sigma^{\prime} is active for r𝒳​𝒳′r_{{\mathcal{X}}{\mathcal{X}}^{\prime}} if the restriction ρ|Yβ€²:Yβ€²β†’Y\rho|_{Y^{\prime}}\colon Y^{\prime}\to Y is a bimeromorphic morphism and the β„š{\mathbb{Q}}-linear map defining r𝒳​𝒳′|Οƒβ€²r_{{\mathcal{X}}{\mathcal{X}}^{\prime}}|_{\sigma^{\prime}} is an isomorphism. In this case, Οƒβ€²\sigma^{\prime} and Οƒ\sigma have the same dimension, and r𝒳​𝒳′r_{{\mathcal{X}}{\mathcal{X}}^{\prime}} maps Οƒβ€²\sigma^{\prime} homeomorphically onto a β„€{\mathbb{Z}}-subsimplex of Οƒ\sigma of the same dimension.

Denote by A𝒳​𝒳′A_{{\mathcal{X}}{\mathcal{X}}^{\prime}} the union of all simplices in Δ⁑(𝒳′)\Delta({\mathcal{X}}^{\prime}) that are active for r𝒳​𝒳′r_{{\mathcal{X}}{\mathcal{X}}^{\prime}}. Our goal in this subsection is to prove the following result.

Proposition 4.3.

Let 𝒳{\mathcal{X}} and 𝒳′{\mathcal{X}}^{\prime} be snc models, with 𝒳′{\mathcal{X}}^{\prime} dominating 𝒳{\mathcal{X}}. Then r𝒳​𝒳′r_{{\mathcal{X}}{\mathcal{X}}^{\prime}} maps A𝒳​𝒳′A_{{\mathcal{X}}{\mathcal{X}}^{\prime}} homeomorphically onto Δ⁑(𝒳)\Delta({\mathcal{X}}).

Corollary 4.4.

The images under r𝒳​𝒳′r_{{\mathcal{X}}{\mathcal{X}}^{\prime}} of the active simplices in Δ⁑(𝒳′)\Delta({\mathcal{X}}^{\prime}) form a simplicial β„€{\mathbb{Z}}-subdivision of Δ⁑(𝒳)\Delta({\mathcal{X}}). As a consequence, there exists a unique, β„€{\mathbb{Z}}-PA map i𝒳′​𝒳:Δ⁑(𝒳)→Δ⁑(𝒳′)i_{{\mathcal{X}}^{\prime}{\mathcal{X}}}\colon\Delta({\mathcal{X}})\to\Delta({\mathcal{X}}^{\prime}) such that i𝒳′​𝒳​(Δ⁑(𝒳))=A𝒳​𝒳′i_{{\mathcal{X}}^{\prime}{\mathcal{X}}}(\Delta({\mathcal{X}}))=A_{{\mathcal{X}}{\mathcal{X}}^{\prime}} and rπ’³β€‹π’³β€²βˆ˜i𝒳′​𝒳=idr_{{\mathcal{X}}{\mathcal{X}}^{\prime}}\circ i_{{\mathcal{X}}^{\prime}{\mathcal{X}}}=\operatorname{id}.

When Ο€\pi, Ο€β€²\pi^{\prime} and ρ\rho are projective, one can prove PropositionΒ 4.3 using the algebraic tool of valuations. Here we follow an ad hoc approach, based on LemmaΒ 4.1.

Lemma 4.5.

Suppose 𝒳{\mathcal{X}}, 𝒳′{\mathcal{X}}^{\prime} and 𝒳′′{\mathcal{X}}^{\prime\prime} are snc models, with 𝒳′{\mathcal{X}}^{\prime} dominating 𝒳{\mathcal{X}} and 𝒳′′{\mathcal{X}}^{\prime\prime} dominating 𝒳′{\mathcal{X}}^{\prime}. Let Οƒβ€²β€²\sigma^{\prime\prime} be a simplex of Δ⁑(𝒳′′)\Delta({\mathcal{X}}^{\prime\prime}), and let Οƒβ€²\sigma^{\prime} be the smallest simplex of Δ⁑(𝒳′)\Delta({\mathcal{X}}^{\prime}) containing r𝒳′​𝒳′′​(Οƒβ€²β€²)r_{{\mathcal{X}}^{\prime}{\mathcal{X}}^{\prime\prime}}(\sigma^{\prime\prime}). Then Οƒβ€²β€²\sigma^{\prime\prime} is active for r𝒳​𝒳′′r_{{\mathcal{X}}{\mathcal{X}}^{\prime\prime}} iff Οƒβ€²β€²\sigma^{\prime\prime} is active for r𝒳′​𝒳′′r_{{\mathcal{X}}^{\prime}{\mathcal{X}}^{\prime\prime}} and Οƒβ€²\sigma^{\prime} is active for r𝒳​𝒳′r_{{\mathcal{X}}{\mathcal{X}}^{\prime}}. As a consequence, A𝒳​𝒳′′=Aπ’³β€²β€‹π’³β€²β€²βˆ©rπ’³β€²β€‹π’³β€²β€²βˆ’1​(A𝒳​𝒳′)A_{{\mathcal{X}}{\mathcal{X}}^{\prime\prime}}=A_{{\mathcal{X}}^{\prime}{\mathcal{X}}^{\prime\prime}}\cap r_{{\mathcal{X}}^{\prime}{\mathcal{X}}^{\prime\prime}}^{-1}(A_{{\mathcal{X}}{\mathcal{X}}^{\prime}}).

Proof.

To ease notation, set rβ€²:=r𝒳′​𝒳′′r^{\prime}:=r_{{\mathcal{X}}^{\prime}{\mathcal{X}}^{\prime\prime}} and r:=r𝒳​𝒳′r:=r_{{\mathcal{X}}{\mathcal{X}}^{\prime}}. Let Οƒ\sigma be the smallest simplex of Δ⁑(𝒳)\Delta({\mathcal{X}}) containing r⁑(Οƒβ€²)r(\sigma^{\prime}). Write YY, Yβ€²Y^{\prime} and Yβ€²β€²Y^{\prime\prime} for the strata of 𝒳0{\mathcal{X}}_{0}, 𝒳0β€²{\mathcal{X}}^{\prime}_{0} and 𝒳0β€²β€²{\mathcal{X}}^{\prime\prime}_{0} corresponding to Οƒ\sigma, Οƒβ€²\sigma^{\prime} and Οƒβ€²β€²\sigma^{\prime\prime}, respectively. The restrictions rβ€²|Οƒβ€²β€²:Οƒβ€²β€²β†’Οƒβ€²r^{\prime}|_{\sigma^{\prime\prime}}\colon\sigma^{\prime\prime}\to\sigma^{\prime} and rΟƒβ€²:Οƒβ€²β†’Οƒr_{\sigma^{\prime}}\colon\sigma^{\prime}\to\sigma are given by β„š{\mathbb{Q}}-linear maps, and we have induced morphisms Yβ€²β€²β†’Yβ€²Y^{\prime\prime}\to Y^{\prime} and Yβ€²β†’YY^{\prime}\to Y.

First suppose that Οƒβ€²β€²\sigma^{\prime\prime} is active for rβ€²r^{\prime} and Οƒβ€²\sigma^{\prime} is active for rr. Then rβ€²|Οƒβ€²β€²r^{\prime}|_{\sigma^{\prime\prime}} and r|Οƒβ€²r|_{\sigma^{\prime}} are given by β„š{\mathbb{Q}}-linear isomorphisms; hence so is the composition r𝒳​𝒳′′|Οƒβ€²β€²r_{{\mathcal{X}}{\mathcal{X}}^{\prime\prime}}|_{\sigma^{\prime\prime}}. Similarly, the maps Yβ€²β€²β†’Yβ€²Y^{\prime\prime}\to Y^{\prime} and Yβ€²β†’YY^{\prime}\to Y are bimeromorphic morphisms; hence so is the composition Yβ€²β€²β†’YY^{\prime\prime}\to Y. It follows that Οƒβ€²β€²\sigma^{\prime\prime} is active for r𝒳​𝒳′′r_{{\mathcal{X}}{\mathcal{X}}^{\prime\prime}}.

Conversely, suppose Οƒβ€²β€²\sigma^{\prime\prime} is active for r𝒳​𝒳′′r_{{\mathcal{X}}{\mathcal{X}}^{\prime\prime}}. Since the map Yβ€²β€²β†’YY^{\prime\prime}\to Y is a bimeromorphic morphism, the map Yβ€²β€²β†’Yβ€²Y^{\prime\prime}\to Y^{\prime} (resp. Yβ€²β†’YY^{\prime}\to Y) must be injective (resp. surjective). In particular, dimY′′≀dimYβ€²\dim Y^{\prime\prime}\leq\dim Y^{\prime} and dimY≀dimYβ€²\dim Y\leq\dim Y^{\prime}. Similarly, since the β„š{\mathbb{Q}}-linear map defining r𝒳​𝒳′′|Οƒβ€²β€²=r|Οƒβ€²βˆ˜rβ€²|Οƒβ€²β€²r_{{\mathcal{X}}{\mathcal{X}}^{\prime\prime}}|_{\sigma^{\prime\prime}}=r|_{\sigma^{\prime}}\circ r^{\prime}|_{\sigma^{\prime\prime}} is an isomorphism, the β„š{\mathbb{Q}}-linear map defining rβ€²|Οƒβ€²β€²r^{\prime}|_{\sigma^{\prime\prime}} (resp. r|Οƒβ€²r|_{\sigma^{\prime}}) must be injective (resp. surjective). In particular, dimσ′′≀dimΟƒβ€²\dim\sigma^{\prime\prime}\leq\dim\sigma^{\prime} and dimσ≀dimΟƒβ€²\dim\sigma\leq\dim\sigma^{\prime}. Now

dimYβ€²β€²+dimΟƒβ€²β€²=dimYβ€²+dimΟƒβ€²=dimY+dimΟƒ=nβˆ’1,\dim Y^{\prime\prime}+\dim\sigma^{\prime\prime}=\dim Y^{\prime}+\dim\sigma^{\prime}=\dim Y+\dim\sigma=n-1,

so we infer that dimYβ€²β€²=dimYβ€²=dimY\dim Y^{\prime\prime}=\dim Y^{\prime}=\dim Y and dimΟƒ=dimΟƒβ€²=dimΟƒβ€²β€²\dim\sigma=\dim\sigma^{\prime}=\dim\sigma^{\prime\prime}. This further implies that the maps Yβ€²β€²β†’Yβ€²Y^{\prime\prime}\to Y^{\prime} and Yβ€²β†’YY^{\prime}\to Y are bimeromorphic morphisms, and that the β„š{\mathbb{Q}}-linear maps defining rβ€²|Οƒβ€²β€²r^{\prime}|_{\sigma^{\prime\prime}} and r|Οƒβ€²r|_{\sigma^{\prime}} are isomorphisms. Hence Οƒβ€²β€²\sigma^{\prime\prime} and Οƒβ€²\sigma^{\prime} are active for rβ€²r^{\prime} and rr, respectively. ∎

Lemma 4.6.

Suppose 𝒳{\mathcal{X}}, 𝒳′{\mathcal{X}}^{\prime} and 𝒳′′{\mathcal{X}}^{\prime\prime} are snc models, with 𝒳′{\mathcal{X}}^{\prime} dominating 𝒳{\mathcal{X}} and 𝒳′′{\mathcal{X}}^{\prime\prime} dominating 𝒳′{\mathcal{X}}^{\prime}.

  • (a)

    If r𝒳​𝒳′′:A𝒳​𝒳′′→Δ⁑(𝒳)r_{{\mathcal{X}}{\mathcal{X}}^{\prime\prime}}\colon A_{{\mathcal{X}}{\mathcal{X}}^{\prime\prime}}\to\Delta({\mathcal{X}}) is surjective, then so is r𝒳​𝒳′:A𝒳​𝒳′→Δ⁑(𝒳)r_{{\mathcal{X}}{\mathcal{X}}^{\prime}}\colon A_{{\mathcal{X}}{\mathcal{X}}^{\prime}}\to\Delta({\mathcal{X}}).

  • (b)

    If r𝒳​𝒳′′:A𝒳​𝒳′′→Δ⁑(𝒳)r_{{\mathcal{X}}{\mathcal{X}}^{\prime\prime}}\colon A_{{\mathcal{X}}{\mathcal{X}}^{\prime\prime}}\to\Delta({\mathcal{X}}) is injective and r𝒳′​𝒳′′:A𝒳′​𝒳′′→Δ⁑(𝒳′)r_{{\mathcal{X}}^{\prime}{\mathcal{X}}^{\prime\prime}}\colon A_{{\mathcal{X}}^{\prime}{\mathcal{X}}^{\prime\prime}}\to\Delta({\mathcal{X}}^{\prime}) is surjective, then r𝒳​𝒳′:A𝒳​𝒳′→Δ⁑(𝒳)r_{{\mathcal{X}}{\mathcal{X}}^{\prime}}\colon A_{{\mathcal{X}}{\mathcal{X}}^{\prime}}\to\Delta({\mathcal{X}}) is injective.

  • (c)

    If r𝒳​𝒳′:A𝒳​𝒳′→Δ⁑(𝒳)r_{{\mathcal{X}}{\mathcal{X}}^{\prime}}\colon A_{{\mathcal{X}}{\mathcal{X}}^{\prime}}\to\Delta({\mathcal{X}}) and r𝒳′​𝒳′′:A𝒳′​𝒳′′→Δ⁑(𝒳′)r_{{\mathcal{X}}^{\prime}{\mathcal{X}}^{\prime\prime}}\colon A_{{\mathcal{X}}^{\prime}{\mathcal{X}}^{\prime\prime}}\to\Delta({\mathcal{X}}^{\prime}) are both surjective, then so is r𝒳​𝒳′′:A𝒳​𝒳′′→Δ⁑(𝒳)r_{{\mathcal{X}}{\mathcal{X}}^{\prime\prime}}\colon A_{{\mathcal{X}}{\mathcal{X}}^{\prime\prime}}\to\Delta({\mathcal{X}}).

  • (d)

    If r𝒳​𝒳′:A𝒳​𝒳′→Δ⁑(𝒳)r_{{\mathcal{X}}{\mathcal{X}}^{\prime}}\colon A_{{\mathcal{X}}{\mathcal{X}}^{\prime}}\to\Delta({\mathcal{X}}) and r𝒳′​𝒳′′:A𝒳′​𝒳′′→Δ⁑(𝒳′)r_{{\mathcal{X}}^{\prime}{\mathcal{X}}^{\prime\prime}}\colon A_{{\mathcal{X}}^{\prime}{\mathcal{X}}^{\prime\prime}}\to\Delta({\mathcal{X}}^{\prime}) are both injective, then so is r𝒳​𝒳′′:A𝒳​𝒳′′→Δ⁑(𝒳)r_{{\mathcal{X}}{\mathcal{X}}^{\prime\prime}}\colon A_{{\mathcal{X}}{\mathcal{X}}^{\prime\prime}}\to\Delta({\mathcal{X}}).

Proof.

This is formal consequence of the relations r𝒳​𝒳′′=rπ’³β€‹π’³β€²βˆ˜r𝒳′​𝒳′′r_{{\mathcal{X}}{\mathcal{X}}^{\prime\prime}}=r_{{\mathcal{X}}{\mathcal{X}}^{\prime}}\circ r_{{\mathcal{X}}^{\prime}{\mathcal{X}}^{\prime\prime}} and A𝒳​𝒳′′=Aπ’³β€²β€‹π’³β€²β€²βˆ©rπ’³β€²β€‹π’³β€²β€²βˆ’1​(A𝒳​𝒳′)A_{{\mathcal{X}}{\mathcal{X}}^{\prime\prime}}=A_{{\mathcal{X}}^{\prime}{\mathcal{X}}^{\prime\prime}}\cap r_{{\mathcal{X}}^{\prime}{\mathcal{X}}^{\prime\prime}}^{-1}(A_{{\mathcal{X}}{\mathcal{X}}^{\prime}}). For example, let us proveΒ (a). Pick any point wβˆˆΞ”β‘(𝒳)w\in\Delta({\mathcal{X}}). The assumption implies that we can find wβ€²β€²βˆˆA𝒳​𝒳′′w^{\prime\prime}\in A_{{\mathcal{X}}{\mathcal{X}}^{\prime\prime}} with r𝒳​𝒳′′​(wβ€²β€²)=wr_{{\mathcal{X}}{\mathcal{X}}^{\prime\prime}}(w^{\prime\prime})=w. Then wβ€²:=r𝒳′​𝒳′′​(wβ€²β€²)∈A𝒳​𝒳′w^{\prime}:=r_{{\mathcal{X}}^{\prime}{\mathcal{X}}^{\prime\prime}}(w^{\prime\prime})\in A_{{\mathcal{X}}{\mathcal{X}}^{\prime}} and r𝒳​𝒳′​(wβ€²)=wr_{{\mathcal{X}}{\mathcal{X}}^{\prime}}(w^{\prime})=w. ThusΒ (a) holds. The proofs ofΒ (b)–(d) are similar and left to the reader. ∎

Lemma 4.7.

The assertions of Proposition 4.3 hold when ρ\rho is a simple blowup.

Proof.

This is well known (seeΒ e.g. Β [KS06, p.381]) but we supply a proof for the convenience of the reader. To simplify notation, we set r:=r𝒳​𝒳′r:=r_{{\mathcal{X}}{\mathcal{X}}^{\prime}}, A:=A𝒳​𝒳′A:=A_{{\mathcal{X}}{\mathcal{X}}^{\prime}}, Ξ”:=Δ⁑(𝒳)\Delta:=\Delta({\mathcal{X}}) and Ξ”β€²:=Δ⁑(𝒳′)\Delta^{\prime}:=\Delta({\mathcal{X}}^{\prime}).

Let WW be the center of the blowup ρ\rho, and ZZ the smallest stratum of 𝒳0{\mathcal{X}}_{0} containing WW. Let EiE_{i}, i∈Ii\in I be the irreducible components of 𝒳0{\mathcal{X}}_{0}, JβŠ‚IJ\subset I the subset such that ZZ is an component of EJE_{J}, and ΟƒZ\sigma_{Z} the simplex defined by ZZ. Let Eiβ€²E^{\prime}_{i}, i∈Ii\in I be the strict transform of EiE_{i} to 𝒳′{\mathcal{X}}^{\prime}. Finally, let Eβ€²E^{\prime} be the exceptional divisor of ρ\rho. It corresponds to a vertex vβ€²=vEβ€²β€²v^{\prime}=v^{\prime}_{E^{\prime}} of Ξ”β€²\Delta^{\prime}.

First assume W⊊ZW\subsetneq Z. In this case, Ξ”β€²\Delta^{\prime} is obtained from Ξ”\Delta by β€œraising a tent over the simplex ΟƒZ\sigma_{Z}”. Let us be more precise. Consider a simplex Οƒ\sigma of Ξ”\Delta, corresponding to a stratum YY of 𝒳0{\mathcal{X}}_{0}. By the definition of a simple blowup, WW meets every irreducible component of 𝒳0{\mathcal{X}}_{0} transversely (if at all). It follows that YY cannot be contained in WW, so ρ\rho is a biholomorphism above a general point of YY. Thus the strict transform Yβ€²Y^{\prime} of YY defines a stratum of 𝒳0β€²{\mathcal{X}}^{\prime}_{0} as well as a simplex Οƒβ€²\sigma^{\prime} of Ξ”β€²\Delta^{\prime}, whose vertices correspond to the strict transforms of the vertices of Οƒ\sigma. In this case, rr maps Οƒβ€²\sigma^{\prime} onto Οƒ\sigma, and ρ:Yβ€²β†’Y\rho\colon Y^{\prime}\to Y is a bimeromorphic morphism, so Οƒβ€²\sigma^{\prime} is active for rr.

This proves that r:Aβ†’Ξ”r\colon A\to\Delta is surjective. To prove injectivity, consider a stratum Yβ€²Y^{\prime} of 𝒳0β€²{\mathcal{X}}^{\prime}_{0}, with corresponding simplex Οƒβ€²\sigma^{\prime} of Ξ”β€²\Delta^{\prime}. If Yβ€²Y^{\prime} is not contained in Eβ€²E^{\prime}, then ρ\rho is a biholomorphism at the general point of Yβ€²Y^{\prime}, Y:=ρ⁑(Yβ€²)Y:=\rho(Y^{\prime}) is a stratum of 𝒳0{\mathcal{X}}_{0} of the same dimension as Yβ€²Y^{\prime}, and Yβ€²Y^{\prime} is the strict transform of YY. Thus we are in the situation above. On the other hand, if Yβ€²Y^{\prime} is contained in Eβ€²E^{\prime}, then there exist irreducible components EiE_{i}, i∈Ji\in J of 𝒳0{\mathcal{X}}_{0}, having strict transforms Eiβ€²E^{\prime}_{i}, i∈Ji\in J, such that Οƒβ€²\sigma^{\prime} has vβ€²v^{\prime} and viβ€²v^{\prime}_{i}, i∈Ji\in J as vertices. Since WW is not a stratum of 𝒳0{\mathcal{X}}_{0}, the smallest stratum YY containing ρ⁑(Yβ€²)\rho(Y^{\prime}) is cut out by EiE_{i}, i∈Ji\in J. It follows that rr maps the simplex Οƒβ€²\sigma^{\prime} onto the lower-dimensional simplex Οƒ\sigma, so Οƒβ€²\sigma^{\prime} is not active for rr. Hence r:Aβ†’Ξ”r\colon A\to\Delta is injective.

Now assume W=ZW=Z is stratum of 𝒳0{\mathcal{X}}_{0}, defining a simplex Οƒ\sigma with vertices viv_{i}, i∈Ji\in J. In this case, Ξ”β€²\Delta^{\prime} is obtained from Ξ”\Delta by a barycentric subdivision of the simplex ΟƒZ\sigma_{Z}. Again, let us be more precise. The same argument as above shows that if YY is a stratum of 𝒳0{\mathcal{X}}_{0} that is not contained in WW, and Yβ€²Y^{\prime} is the strict transform, then the simplex ΟƒYβ€²β€²\sigma^{\prime}_{Y^{\prime}} is active for rr and r⁑(ΟƒYβ€²β€²)=ΟƒYr(\sigma^{\prime}_{Y^{\prime}})=\sigma_{Y}. Further, ΟƒYβ€²β€²\sigma^{\prime}_{Y^{\prime}} is the unique simplex in 𝒳0β€²{\mathcal{X}}^{\prime}_{0} that is active for rr and whose image under rr meets the interior of ΟƒY\sigma_{Y}.

It remains to consider strata of 𝒳0{\mathcal{X}}_{0} contained in ZZ. This becomes a toroidal calculation. Let YY be such a stratum, cut out by EiE_{i}, i∈Ki\in K, where JβŠ‚KJ\subset K. Then Οβˆ’1​(Y)\rho^{-1}(Y) consists of |J||J| strata Yiβ€²Y^{\prime}_{i}, i∈Ji\in J, each cut out by Eβ€²E^{\prime} and Ejβ€²E^{\prime}_{j}, j∈Kβˆ–{i}j\in K\setminus\{i\}. The restriction ρ|Yiβ€²:Yiβ€²β†’Y\rho|_{Y^{\prime}_{i}}\colon Y^{\prime}_{i}\to Y is a bimeromorphic morphism, and the the corresponding simplex Οƒiβ€²\sigma^{\prime}_{i} is active for rr and maps homeomorphically onto a simplex contained in ΟƒY\sigma_{Y}. Further, these simplices r⁑(Οƒiβ€²)r(\sigma^{\prime}_{i}) have disjoint interiors and cover ΟƒY\sigma_{Y}. Finally, if Yβ€²Y^{\prime} is a stratum of 𝒳0β€²{\mathcal{X}}^{\prime}_{0} contained in E=Οβˆ’1​(Z)E=\rho^{-1}(Z), then Y=ρ⁑(Yβ€²)Y=\rho(Y^{\prime}) is a stratum contained in ZZ, hence Yβ€²=Yiβ€²Y^{\prime}=Y^{\prime}_{i} is one of the strata above. This completes the proof. ∎

Proof of PropositionΒ 4.3.

Since r𝒳​𝒳′r_{{\mathcal{X}}{\mathcal{X}}^{\prime}} is continuous, A𝒳​𝒳′A_{{\mathcal{X}}{\mathcal{X}}^{\prime}} is compact, and Δ⁑(𝒳)\Delta({\mathcal{X}}) is Hausdorff, it suffices to prove that r𝒳​𝒳′:A𝒳​𝒳′→Δ⁑(𝒳)r_{{\mathcal{X}}{\mathcal{X}}^{\prime}}\colon A_{{\mathcal{X}}{\mathcal{X}}^{\prime}}\to\Delta({\mathcal{X}}) is bijective.

Using LemmaΒ 4.6Β (c)–(d) and LemmaΒ 4.7, one proves by induction on the number of blowups that r𝒳​𝒳′:A𝒳​𝒳′→Δ⁑(𝒳)r_{{\mathcal{X}}{\mathcal{X}}^{\prime}}\colon A_{{\mathcal{X}}{\mathcal{X}}^{\prime}}\to\Delta({\mathcal{X}}) is bijective when 𝒳′→𝒳{\mathcal{X}}^{\prime}\to{\mathcal{X}} is a composition of simple blowups.

Now consider the general case. Using LemmaΒ 4.1 we find an snc model 𝒳′′{\mathcal{X}}^{\prime\prime} dominating both 𝒳{\mathcal{X}} and 𝒳′{\mathcal{X}}^{\prime} and such that the morphism 𝒳′′→𝒳{\mathcal{X}}^{\prime\prime}\to{\mathcal{X}} is a composition of simple blowups. Thus r𝒳​𝒳′′:A𝒳​𝒳′′→Δ⁑(𝒳)r_{{\mathcal{X}}{\mathcal{X}}^{\prime\prime}}\colon A_{{\mathcal{X}}{\mathcal{X}}^{\prime\prime}}\to\Delta({\mathcal{X}}) is bijective. By LemmaΒ 4.6Β (a), it follows that r𝒳​𝒳′:A𝒳​𝒳′′→Δ⁑(𝒳)r_{{\mathcal{X}}{\mathcal{X}}^{\prime}}\colon A_{{\mathcal{X}}{\mathcal{X}}^{\prime\prime}}\to\Delta({\mathcal{X}}) is surjective. Since 𝒳{\mathcal{X}} and 𝒳′{\mathcal{X}}^{\prime} were arbitrary snc models with 𝒳′{\mathcal{X}}^{\prime} dominating 𝒳{\mathcal{X}}, it follows that r𝒳′​𝒳′′:A𝒳′​𝒳′′→Δ⁑(𝒳)r_{{\mathcal{X}}^{\prime}{\mathcal{X}}^{\prime\prime}}\colon A_{{\mathcal{X}}^{\prime}{\mathcal{X}}^{\prime\prime}}\to\Delta({\mathcal{X}}) is also surjective. It now follows from LemmaΒ 4.6Β (b) that r𝒳​𝒳′:A𝒳​𝒳′′→Δ⁑(𝒳)r_{{\mathcal{X}}{\mathcal{X}}^{\prime}}\colon A_{{\mathcal{X}}{\mathcal{X}}^{\prime\prime}}\to\Delta({\mathcal{X}}) is injective, which completes the proof. ∎

4.3. Induced maps between hybrid spaces

To any snc model 𝒳{\mathcal{X}} of XX we associated inΒ Β§2 a hybrid space 𝒳hyb=Xβ€‹βˆΞ”β‘(𝒳){\mathcal{X}}^{\mathrm{hyb}}=X\coprod\Delta({\mathcal{X}}). Let us briefly recall the topology on 𝒳hyb{\mathcal{X}}^{\mathrm{hyb}} in the present context. Extend Ο€:Xβ†’π”»βˆ—\pi\colon X\to{\mathbb{D}}^{*} to a map

Ο€:𝒳hyb→𝔻\pi\colon{\mathcal{X}}^{\mathrm{hyb}}\to{\mathbb{D}}

by declaring Ο€=0\pi=0 on Δ⁑(𝒳)\Delta({\mathcal{X}}). For 0<r≀10<r\leq 1, define 𝒳𝔻r:=Ο€βˆ’1​(𝔻r){\mathcal{X}}_{{\mathbb{D}}_{r}}:=\pi^{-1}({\mathbb{D}}_{r}). The construction inΒ Β§2 yields, for 0<rβ‰ͺ10<r\ll 1, a tropicalization map

log𝒳:𝒳𝔻r→Δ⁑(𝒳)\log_{\mathcal{X}}\colon{\mathcal{X}}_{{\mathbb{D}}_{r}}\to\Delta({\mathcal{X}})

uniquely defined up to an additive error term of size O⁑((log⁑|t|)βˆ’1)O((\log|t|)^{-1}). The topology on 𝒳hyb{\mathcal{X}}^{\mathrm{hyb}} is the coarsest one such that log𝒳\log_{\mathcal{X}} is continuous, Ο€\pi is continuous, and the inclusion XβŠ‚π’³hybX\subset{\mathcal{X}}^{\mathrm{hyb}} is an open embedding.

Now suppose 𝒳′{\mathcal{X}}^{\prime} and 𝒳{\mathcal{X}} are snc models, with 𝒳′{\mathcal{X}}^{\prime} dominating 𝒳{\mathcal{X}} via ρ:𝒳′→𝒳\rho\colon{\mathcal{X}}^{\prime}\to{\mathcal{X}}. Define the map ρhyb:𝒳′hyb→𝒳hyb\rho^{\mathrm{hyb}}\colon{\mathcal{X}}^{\prime\mathrm{hyb}}\to{\mathcal{X}}^{\mathrm{hyb}} to be the identity on XβŠ‚π’³β€²X\subset{\mathcal{X}}^{\prime} and equal to the map r𝒳​𝒳′r_{{\mathcal{X}}{\mathcal{X}}^{\prime}} on Δ⁑(𝒳′)\Delta({\mathcal{X}}^{\prime}) defined inΒ Β§4.2.

Proposition 4.8.

The map ρhyb\rho^{\mathrm{hyb}} is continuous and surjective. Further, we have

Logπ’³βˆ˜Οhyb=rπ’³β€‹π’³β€²βˆ˜Log𝒳′+O⁑((log⁑|t|)βˆ’1)\operatorname{Log}_{\mathcal{X}}\circ\rho^{\mathrm{hyb}}=r_{{\mathcal{X}}{\mathcal{X}}^{\prime}}\circ\operatorname{Log}_{{\mathcal{X}}^{\prime}}+O((\log|t|)^{-1}) (4.2)

on X𝔻rβˆ—X_{{\mathbb{D}}^{*}_{r}} for 0<rβ‰ͺ10<r\ll 1.

Proof.

Surjectivity follows from PropositionΒ 4.3, and continuity fromΒ (4.2) after unwinding the definitions. It remains to establishΒ (4.2). Consider any point ΞΎβ€²βˆˆπ’³0\xi^{\prime}\in{\mathcal{X}}_{0} and set ΞΎ=π⁑(ΞΎβ€²)\xi=\pi(\xi^{\prime}). We can find adapted coordinate charts (𝒰′,zβ€²)({\mathcal{U}}^{\prime},z^{\prime}) at ΞΎβ€²\xi^{\prime} on 𝒳′{\mathcal{X}}^{\prime} and (𝒰,z)({\mathcal{U}},z) at ΞΎ\xi on 𝒳{\mathcal{X}} such that ρ⁑(𝒰′)βŠ‚π’°\rho({\mathcal{U}}^{\prime})\subset{\mathcal{U}} and such that the following holds: t=∏i=0pzibit=\prod_{i=0}^{p}z_{i}^{b_{i}} in 𝒰{\mathcal{U}}, t=∏j=0pβ€²(zjβ€²)bjβ€²t=\prod_{j=0}^{p^{\prime}}(z^{\prime}_{j})^{b^{\prime}_{j}} in 𝒰′{\mathcal{U}}^{\prime} and Οβˆ—β€‹zi=∏j(zjβ€²)ai​j\rho^{*}z_{i}=\prod_{j}(z^{\prime}_{j})^{a_{ij}}. Since the map r𝒳​𝒳′r_{{\mathcal{X}}{\mathcal{X}}^{\prime}} is given byΒ (4.1), the result now follows from PropositionΒ 2.1. ∎

4.4. The limit hybrid space

PropositionΒ 4.8 allows us to introduce

Definition 4.9.

The hybrid space associated to XX is the topological space

Xhyb:=lim←𝒳⁑𝒳hyb,X^{\mathrm{hyb}}:=\varprojlim_{\mathcal{X}}{\mathcal{X}}^{\mathrm{hyb}},

where 𝒳{\mathcal{X}} runs over all snc models of XX.

Here XhybX^{\mathrm{hyb}} is equipped with the inverse limit topology. The maps Ο€:𝒳hyb→𝔻\pi\colon{\mathcal{X}}^{\mathrm{hyb}}\to{\mathbb{D}} define a continuous and proper map

Ο€:Xhyb→𝔻\pi\colon X^{\mathrm{hyb}}\to{\mathbb{D}}

We can identify XX with the open subset Ο€βˆ’1​(π”»βˆ—)\pi^{-1}({\mathbb{D}}^{*}). Similarly, the compact subset X0hyb:=Ο€βˆ’1​(0)X^{\mathrm{hyb}}_{0}:=\pi^{-1}(0) can be identified with lim←𝒳⁑Δ⁑(𝒳)\varprojlim_{\mathcal{X}}\Delta({\mathcal{X}}). For every snc model 𝒳{\mathcal{X}} we have, by the definition of the inverse limit, a continuous proper map r𝒳:Xhyb→𝒳hybr_{\mathcal{X}}\colon X^{\mathrm{hyb}}\to{\mathcal{X}}^{\mathrm{hyb}}. We also have an embedding i𝒳:Δ⁑(𝒳)β†’Xhybi_{\mathcal{X}}\colon\Delta({\mathcal{X}})\to X^{\mathrm{hyb}} of Δ⁑(𝒳)\Delta({\mathcal{X}}) onto a closed subset of X0hybX^{\mathrm{hyb}}_{0}. It satisfies rπ’³βˆ˜i𝒳=idr_{\mathcal{X}}\circ i_{\mathcal{X}}=\operatorname{id} on Δ⁑(𝒳)\Delta({\mathcal{X}}).

Remark 4.10.

It is not clear how to define a map Log:Xhybβ†’lim←𝒳⁑Δ⁑(𝒳)\operatorname{Log}\colon X^{\mathrm{hyb}}\to\varprojlim_{\mathcal{X}}\Delta({\mathcal{X}}), since each tropicalization map Log𝒳\operatorname{Log}_{\mathcal{X}} is only defined on Xπ”»βˆ—β€‹(r)X_{{\mathbb{D}}^{*}(r)}, where r=r𝒳r=r_{\mathcal{X}} depends on 𝒳{\mathcal{X}}. SeeΒ Β§4.6 for a substitute in the projective case.

4.5. Convergence of measures

For any locally compact Hausdorff space ZZ, let ℳ⁑(Z){\mathcal{M}}(Z) denote the space of signed Radon measures on ZZ. By definition we have Xhyb=lim←𝒳⁑𝒳hybX^{\mathrm{hyb}}=\varprojlim_{\mathcal{X}}{\mathcal{X}}^{\mathrm{hyb}}, and this induces a homeomorphism

ℳ⁑(Xhyb)β€‹β†’βˆΌβ€‹lim←𝒳⁑ℳ⁑(𝒳hyb).{\mathcal{M}}(X^{\mathrm{hyb}})\overset{\sim}{\to}\varprojlim_{\mathcal{X}}{\mathcal{M}}({\mathcal{X}}^{\mathrm{hyb}}).

TheoremΒ 3.4 now implies the following result, which is equivalent to CorollaryΒ B in the introduction.

Corollary 4.11.

Let Ο€:Xβ†’π”»βˆ—\pi\colon X\to{\mathbb{D}}^{*} be a proper submersion that is meromorphic at 0βˆˆπ”»0\in{\mathbb{D}}, and let ψ\psi be a continuous metric on KX/π”»βˆ—K_{X/{\mathbb{D}}^{*}} with analytic singularities. Then there exists a positive measure ΞΌ0\mu_{0} on X0hybX^{\mathrm{hyb}}_{0} such that if ΞΌt:=λ​(t)d​e2β€‹Οˆt|t|2​κmin​(2​π)d\mu_{t}:=\frac{\lambda(t)^{d}e^{2\psi_{t}}}{|t|^{2\kappa_{\min}}(2\pi)^{d}}, then limtβ†’0ΞΌt=ΞΌ0\lim_{t\to 0}\mu_{t}=\mu_{0} in the sense of weak convergence of measures on XhybX^{\mathrm{hyb}}. Further, there exists a snc model 𝒳→𝔻{\mathcal{X}}\to{\mathbb{D}} and a β„š{\mathbb{Q}}-line bundle β„’{\mathcal{L}} on 𝒳{\mathcal{X}} extending KX/π”»βˆ—K_{X/{\mathbb{D}}^{*}} such that ψ\psi extends to a smooth metric on β„’{\mathcal{L}}, and

ΞΌ0:=βˆ‘Οƒ(∫YΟƒResYσ⁑(ψ))​bΟƒβˆ’1​λσ,\mu_{0}:=\sum_{\sigma}\left(\int_{Y_{\sigma}}\operatorname{Res}_{Y_{\sigma}}(\psi)\right)b_{\sigma}^{-1}\lambda_{\sigma},

where Οƒ\sigma ranges over the dd-dimensional faces of Δ⁑(β„’)\Delta({\mathcal{L}}). Here λσ\lambda_{\sigma} denotes normalized Lebesgue measure on Οƒ\sigma and bΟƒ=gcdi∈J⁑bib_{\sigma}=\gcd_{i\in J}b_{i}, where 𝒳0=βˆ‘ibi​Ei{\mathcal{X}}_{0}=\sum_{i}b_{i}E_{i} and EiE_{i}, i∈Ji\in J are the divisors defining Οƒ\sigma.

4.6. The projective case

Now consider the case when Xβ†’π”»βˆ—X\to{\mathbb{D}}^{*} is projective.55 5 In the projective case, the existence of the spaces 𝒳hyb{\mathcal{X}}^{\mathrm{hyb}} and XhybX^{\mathrm{hyb}} was observed by Kontsevich and Soibelman, seeΒ [KS06, p.383]. As we now explain, we can then view XhybX^{\mathrm{hyb}} and its central fiber as analytic spaces.

The projectivity assumption means that XX can be viewed as a smooth subspace β„™NΓ—π”»βˆ—{\mathbb{P}}^{N}\times{\mathbb{D}}^{*}, defined by homogeneous polynomials with coefficients that are holomorphic functions on π”»βˆ—{\mathbb{D}}^{*} and meromorphic at 0βˆˆπ”»0\in{\mathbb{D}}.

We can view these coefficients as complex formal Laurent series, that is, elements of the field K:=ℂ⁑((t))K:={\mathbb{C}}(\!({t})\!). Given r∈(0,1)r\in(0,1), this field admits a natural non-Archimedean absolute value that is trivial on β„‚βˆ—{\mathbb{C}}^{*} and normalized by |t|=r|{t}|=r. In other words, we have |βˆ‘jaj​tj|=rmin⁑{j∣ajβ‰ 0}|\sum_{j}a_{j}t^{j}|=r^{\min\{j\mid a_{j}\neq 0\}}.

Further, the equations defining XX now define a smooth projective variety XKX_{K} over the field KK. To this variety we can associate a non-Archimedean space XKanX_{K}^{\mathrm{an}}, namely the Berkovich analytification of XKX_{K} with respect to non-Archimedean norm on KK. This is a connected and locally connected compact (Hausdorff) space.

We claim that X0hybX^{\mathrm{hyb}}_{0} is homeomorphic on XKanX_{K}^{\mathrm{an}}. To see this, we note that, for the same reasons as above, every projective snc model 𝒳→𝔻{\mathcal{X}}\to{\mathbb{D}} of XX defines a projective snc model 𝒳R{\mathcal{X}}_{R} of XKX_{K} over the valuation ring R=ℂ⁑[[t]]R={\mathbb{C}}[\![{t}]\!] of KK. Further, the dual complex Δ⁑(𝒳)\Delta({\mathcal{X}}) of 𝒳{\mathcal{X}} can be identified with the dual complex Δ⁑(𝒳R)\Delta({\mathcal{X}}_{R}) of 𝒳R{\mathcal{X}}_{R}. Now, there exists a canonical retraction map r𝒳:XK→Δ⁑(𝒳K)r_{\mathcal{X}}\colon X_{K}\to\Delta({\mathcal{X}}_{K}), and we have

XKanβ€‹β†’βˆΌβ€‹lim←𝒳​projective snc⁑Δ⁑(𝒳).X_{K}^{\mathrm{an}}\overset{\sim}{\to}\varprojlim_{{\mathcal{X}}\ \text{projective snc}}\Delta({\mathcal{X}}). (4.3)

This was announced inΒ [KS06, TheoremΒ 10, p.383]; seeΒ e.g. Β [BFJ16, CorollaryΒ 3.2] for details. On the other hand, LemmaΒ 4.1 implies that in X0hyb=lim←𝒳⁑Δ⁑(𝒳)X^{\mathrm{hyb}}_{0}=\varprojlim_{\mathcal{X}}\Delta({\mathcal{X}}), we may take the limit over projective snc models. This implies that X0hyb≃XKanX^{\mathrm{hyb}}_{0}\simeq X_{K}^{\mathrm{an}}.

Next we analyze the space XhybX^{\mathrm{hyb}} itself, usingΒ AppendixΒ A. Fix 0<r<10<r<1 and consider the Banach ring

Ar:={f=βˆ‘Ξ±βˆˆβ„€cα​tΞ±βˆˆβ„‚β‘((t))|β€–fβ€–hyb:=βˆ‘Ξ±βˆˆβ„€β€–cΞ±β€–hyb​rΞ±<+∞},A_{r}:=\left\{f=\sum_{\alpha\in{\mathbb{Z}}}c_{\alpha}{t}^{\alpha}\in{\mathbb{C}}(\!({t})\!)\ \bigg|\ \|f\|_{\mathrm{hyb}}:=\sum_{\alpha\in{\mathbb{Z}}}\|c_{\alpha}\|_{\mathrm{hyb}}r^{\alpha}<+\infty\right\},

where βˆ₯β‹…βˆ₯hyb\|\cdot\|_{\mathrm{hyb}} is the maximum of the usual norm and the trivial norm on β„‚{\mathbb{C}}. The Berkovich spectrum ℳ⁑(Ar){\mathcal{M}}(A_{r}) of ArA_{r} is homeomorphic to 𝔻¯r\overline{{\mathbb{D}}}_{r}.

Every function that is holomorphic on π”»βˆ—{\mathbb{D}}^{*} and meromorphic at 0βˆˆπ”»0\in{\mathbb{D}} defines an element of ArA_{r}. Hence we can define the base change XArβŠ‚β„™ArNX_{A_{r}}\subset{\mathbb{P}}^{N}_{A_{r}} using the same homogeneous equations as above. Then XArX_{A_{r}} is a scheme of finite type over ArA_{r}, so its analytification XArAnX_{A_{r}}^{\mathrm{An}} is a compact Hausdorff space with a continuous map Ο€r\pi_{r} onto (Spec⁑Ar)An=ℳ⁑(Ar)≃𝔻¯r(\operatorname{Spec}A_{r})^{\mathrm{An}}={\mathcal{M}}(A_{r})\simeq\overline{{\mathbb{D}}}_{r}. (In AppendixΒ A.6, this analytification is denoted by XhybX^{\mathrm{hyb}}, but here we use XArAnX_{A_{r}}^{\mathrm{An}} for clarity.) We have a homeomorphism

Ο„:Ο€rβˆ’1​(𝔻¯rβˆ—)β€‹β†’βˆΌβ€‹X𝔻¯rβˆ—β€‹β†’βˆΌβ€‹X𝔻¯rβˆ—hyb\tau\colon\pi_{r}^{-1}(\overline{{\mathbb{D}}}^{*}_{r})\overset{\sim}{\to}X_{\overline{{\mathbb{D}}}^{*}_{r}}\overset{\sim}{\to}X^{\mathrm{hyb}}_{\overline{{\mathbb{D}}}^{*}_{r}} (4.4)

and another homeomorphism

Ο„0:Ο€βˆ’1​(0)β€‹β†’βˆΌβ€‹X0hybβ€‹β†’βˆΌβ€‹XKan.\tau_{0}\colon\pi^{-1}(0)\overset{\sim}{\to}X^{\mathrm{hyb}}_{0}\overset{\sim}{\to}X_{K}^{\mathrm{an}}. (4.5)
Proposition 4.12.

The map Ο„:XArAnβ†’X𝔻¯rhyb\tau\colon X_{A_{r}}^{\mathrm{An}}\to X^{\mathrm{hyb}}_{\overline{{\mathbb{D}}}_{r}} is homeomorphism.

Proof.

It follows fromΒ (4.4) andΒ (4.5) that Ο„\tau is a bijection. Since XArAnX_{A_{r}}^{\mathrm{An}} is compact and X𝔻¯rhybX_{\overline{{\mathbb{D}}}_{r}}^{\mathrm{hyb}} is Hausdorff, it only remains to prove that Ο„\tau is continuous. It suffices to show that the corresponding map τ𝒳:XArAn→𝒳𝔻¯rhyb\tau_{\mathcal{X}}\colon X_{A_{r}}^{\mathrm{An}}\to{\mathcal{X}}^{\mathrm{hyb}}_{\overline{{\mathbb{D}}}_{r}} is continuous for a given snc model 𝒳{\mathcal{X}}. For this, in turn, it suffices to show that Logπ’³βˆ˜Ο„π’³\operatorname{Log}_{\mathcal{X}}\circ\tau_{\mathcal{X}} is continuous near the central fiber.

Consider a coordinate chart (𝒰,z)({\mathcal{U}},z) adapted to 𝒳0{\mathcal{X}}_{0} in the sense ofΒ Β§2.2. Let E0,…,EpE_{0},\dots,E_{p} be the irreducible components of 𝒳0{\mathcal{X}}_{0} intersecting 𝒰{\mathcal{U}}. Let 𝒰^βŠ‚XArAn\hat{\mathcal{U}}\subset X_{A_{r}}^{\mathrm{An}} be the set of seminorms satisfying |zi|<1|z_{i}|<1 for 0≀i≀p0\leq i\leq p. Then we have

Logπ’³βˆ˜Ο„π’³\displaystyle\operatorname{Log}_{\mathcal{X}}\circ\tau_{\mathcal{X}} =(log⁑|zi|∞log⁑|t|∞)0≀i≀p+O⁑((log⁑|t|∞)βˆ’1)\displaystyle=\left(\frac{\log|z_{i}|_{\infty}}{\log|t|_{\infty}}\right)_{0\leq i\leq p}+O((\log|t|_{\infty})^{-1})
=(log⁑|zi|βˆ’1)0≀i≀p+O⁑((log⁑|t|∞)βˆ’1)\displaystyle=(\log|z_{i}|^{-1})_{0\leq i\leq p}+O((\log|t|_{\infty})^{-1})

on 𝒰^βˆ–Ο€βˆ’1​(0)\hat{\mathcal{U}}\setminus\pi^{-1}(0). Now the function (log⁑|zi|βˆ’1)i(\log|z_{i}|^{-1})_{i} is continuous on 𝒰^\hat{\mathcal{U}} with values in the simplex Οƒ=ℝ+p+1∩{βˆ‘0pbiwi=1}βŠ‚Ξ”(𝒳)\sigma={\mathbb{R}}_{+}^{p+1}\cap\{\sum_{0}^{p}b_{i}w_{i}=1\}\subset\Delta({\mathcal{X}}). This completes the proof, since we can cover a neighborhood of the central fiber in XArAnX_{A_{r}}^{\mathrm{An}} with sets of the type 𝒰^\hat{{\mathcal{U}}}. ∎

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