ScalingStacks

Proof of Proposition 3.31 . [051B]

Original official author HTML, exact retained edition. Historical TeX conversion verdicts remain unchanged. Cited-edition alignment and mathematical self-containment are not assessed.

Complete original source context · Original author HTML

Proof of Proposition 3.31.

The uniqueness follows from the fact that the difference of any two Green’s currents for PP differ by a harmonic form, which must vanish by the asymptotic condition (3.349).

Now we focus on the proof of the global existence of GPG_{P} on QQ. Let {ϕj}j=0∞\{\phi_{j}\}_{j=0}^{\infty} be a complete orthonormal basis of eigenvectors for the Hodge Laplacian acting on real-valued 22-forms on DD, and let ΛD≡{λj}j=0∞\Lambda_{D}\equiv\{\lambda_{j}\}_{j=0}^{\infty} be the corresponding spectrum. Our basic strategy is to first obtain a formal series expression of GPG_{P} and then prove the convergence of this series.

To begin with, the Dirac 33-current δP\delta_{P} of P⊂QP\subset Q has a formal expansion along the DD direction

(3.352) δP=∑j=0∞fj​(z)​ϕj∧d​z,\delta_{P}=\sum_{j=0}^{\infty}f_{j}(z)\phi_{j}\wedge dz,

where fj​(z)f_{j}(z) is a 00-current on ℝ\mathbb{R} and given by

(3.353) fj(z)≡2π(∫H∗Dϕj)δ0(z),f_{j}(z)\equiv 2\pi\Big(\int_{H}*_{D}\phi_{j}\Big)\delta_{0}(z),

where δ0​(z)\delta_{0}(z) is the standard Dirac 00-current acting on functions on ℝ\mathbb{R}, supported at the slice {z=0}\{z=0\}. For λj>0\lambda_{j}>0, by Hodge theory, fjf_{j} is non-zero only when ϕj\phi_{j} is a closed real (1,1)(1,1)-form because HH is a closed complex submanifold in DD. So we only restrict to the subset of such λj\lambda_{j}’s. Furthermore, if ϕj\phi_{j} is harmonic, then

(3.354) ∫H∗Dϕj=∫Dd2​πωD∧∗Dϕj=d2​π⟨ωD,ϕj⟩L2​(D).\int_{H}*_{D}\phi_{j}=\int_{D}\frac{d}{2\pi}\omega_{D}\wedge*_{D}\phi_{j}=\frac{d}{2\pi}\langle\omega_{D},\phi_{j}\rangle_{L^{2}(D)}.

It follows that there is exactly one jj, which we may assume to be 00, such that λj=0\lambda_{j}=0 and fjf_{j} is non-zero. The corresponding eigenform is normalized to be

(3.355) ϕ0≡1(∫DωDn/n!)1/2⋅ωD.\phi_{0}\equiv\frac{1}{(\int_{D}\omega_{D}^{n}/n!)^{1/2}}\cdot\omega_{D}.

Now let GPG_{P} be the formal series

(3.356) GP=∑j=0∞hj⋅(ϕj∧d​z),G_{P}=\sum\limits_{j=0}^{\infty}h_{j}\cdot(\phi_{j}\wedge dz),

where hjh_{j} satisfies

(3.357) −hj′′​(z)+λj⋅hj​(z)=fj​(z).-h_{j}^{\prime\prime}(z)+\lambda_{j}\cdot h_{j}(z)=f_{j}(z).

For each j∈ℤ+j\in\mathbb{Z}_{+}, we can write a formal solution

hj​(z)\displaystyle h_{j}(z) =π−λj(e−λj⋅z∫−∞zeλj⋅ufj(u)du+eλj​z∫z∞e−λj⋅ufj(u)du)\displaystyle=\frac{\pi}{-\sqrt{\lambda_{j}}}\Big(e^{-\sqrt{\lambda_{j}}\cdot z}\int_{-\infty}^{z}e^{\sqrt{\lambda_{j}}\cdot u}f_{j}(u)du+e^{\sqrt{\lambda_{j}}z}\int_{z}^{\infty}e^{-\sqrt{\lambda_{j}}\cdot u}f_{j}(u)du\Big)
(3.358) ={π−λj⋅e−λj⋅z⋅∫H∗D(ϕj),z>0,π−λj⋅eλj⋅z⋅∫H∗D(ϕj),z≤0.\displaystyle=\begin{cases}\frac{\pi}{-\sqrt{\lambda_{j}}}\cdot e^{-\sqrt{\lambda_{j}}\cdot z}\cdot\int_{H}*_{D}(\phi_{j}),&z>0,\\ \frac{\pi}{-\sqrt{\lambda_{j}}}\cdot e^{\sqrt{\lambda_{j}}\cdot z}\cdot\int_{H}*_{D}(\phi_{j}),&z\leq 0.\end{cases}

For j=0j=0, a solution is given by a piecewise linear function

(3.359) h0​(z)={k+​z,z≥0,k−​z,z≤0.\displaystyle h_{0}(z)=\begin{cases}k_{+}z,&z\geq 0,\\ k_{-}z,&z\leq 0.\end{cases}

Notice that the formal solution h0​(z)h_{0}(z) is unique up to the addition of a linear function in zz. Fixing a choice of h0h_{0} we then obtain a formal solution GPG_{P}.

Next we show that the above formal series GPG_{P} is well-defined by showing the formal solution indeed converges in the weak sense and has some exponential decaying rate as |z||z| large, which consists of two steps.

In the first step, we claim that globally the formal expansion

(3.360) GP≡∑j=0∞hj⋅(ϕj∧d​z)G_{P}\equiv\sum\limits_{j=0}^{\infty}h_{j}\cdot(\phi_{j}\wedge dz)

in fact gives a well-defined 33-current on QQ and the series converges in the following sense: for any test form χ∈Ω0m−3​(Q)\chi\in\Omega_{0}^{m-3}(Q),

(3.361) ∑j=0N(hj​(z)​ϕj∧d​z,χ)⟶(GP,χ)​as​N→∞.\displaystyle\sum\limits_{j=0}^{N}\Big(h_{j}(z)\phi_{j}\wedge dz,\chi\Big)\longrightarrow(G_{P},\chi)\ \text{as}\ N\to\infty.

It suffices to show that for any smooth test form χ∈Ω0m−3​(Q)\chi\in\Omega_{0}^{m-3}(Q) and for any N∈ℕN\in\mathbb{N},

(3.362) ∑j=0N|(hj​(z)​ϕj∧d​z,χ)|≤C0,\sum\limits_{j=0}^{N}\Big|\Big(h_{j}(z)\phi_{j}\wedge dz,\chi\Big)\Big|\leq C_{0},

where C0>0C_{0}>0 is independent of NN. To see this, for each jj, we write

(3.363) (hj​(z)​ϕj∧d​z,χ)\displaystyle\Big(h_{j}(z)\phi_{j}\wedge dz,\chi\Big) =\displaystyle= ∫Qhj​(z)​ϕj∧𝑑z∧χ\displaystyle\int_{Q}h_{j}(z)\phi_{j}\wedge dz\wedge\chi
=\displaystyle= ∫ℝ(hj(z)⋅∫D⟨χ,∗D(ϕj)⟩)dz.\displaystyle\int_{\mathbb{R}}\Big(h_{j}(z)\cdot\int_{D}\langle\chi,*_{D}(\phi_{j})\rangle\Big)dz.

The estimate (3.363) can be accomplished in the following manner. To begin with, we will show that the integral ∫D⟨χ,∗D(ϕj)⟩\int_{D}\langle\chi,*_{D}(\phi_{j})\rangle has an uniform bound which is independent of zz. In fact, notice that (Δ)k​ϕj=(λj)k​ϕj(\Delta)^{k}\phi_{j}=(\lambda_{j})^{k}\phi_{j} holds for any k∈ℤ+k\in\mathbb{Z}_{+}, then

(3.364) ∫D⟨χ(z),∗D(ϕj)⟩dvolg\displaystyle\int_{D}\langle\chi(z),*_{D}(\phi_{j})\rangle\dvol_{g} =\displaystyle= 1(λj)k∫D⟨χ(z),∗D(Δ)k(ϕj)⟩dvolg\displaystyle\frac{1}{(\lambda_{j})^{k}}\int_{D}\langle\chi(z),*_{D}(\Delta)^{k}(\phi_{j})\rangle\dvol_{g}
=\displaystyle= 1(λj)k​∫D⟨χ⁡(z),(Δ)k∗D(ϕj)⟩​dvolg\displaystyle\frac{1}{(\lambda_{j})^{k}}\int_{D}\langle\chi(z),(\Delta)^{k}*_{D}(\phi_{j})\rangle\dvol_{g}
=\displaystyle= 1(λj)k∫D⟨(Δ)kχ(z),∗D(ϕj)⟩.\displaystyle\frac{1}{(\lambda_{j})^{k}}\int_{D}\langle(\Delta)^{k}\chi(z),*_{D}(\phi_{j})\rangle.

Lemma 3.32 implies

(3.365) ‖ϕj‖C0​(D)≤C⋅(λj)n2,\|\phi_{j}\|_{C^{0}(D)}\leq C\cdot(\lambda_{j})^{\frac{n}{2}},

where CC depends only on nn and the metric gg. So it follows that

(3.366) |∫D⟨χ(z),∗D(ϕj)⟩dvolg|≤C⋅∥χ∥C2​k​(Q)⋅1(λj)k−n2.\Big|\int_{D}\langle\chi(z),*_{D}(\phi_{j})\rangle\dvol_{g}\Big|\leq C\cdot\|\chi\|_{C^{2k}(Q)}\cdot\frac{1}{(\lambda_{j})^{k-\frac{n}{2}}}.

Next, we will estimate the integral ∫ℝhj​(z)​𝑑z\int_{\mathbb{R}}h_{j}(z)dz. To this end, for each j∈ℤ+j\in\mathbb{Z}_{+}, let ϕj\phi_{j} satsify

(3.367) {Δ​ϕj=λj⋅ϕj‖ϕj‖L2​(D)=1.\displaystyle\begin{cases}\Delta\phi_{j}=\lambda_{j}\cdot\phi_{j}\\ \|\phi_{j}\|_{L^{2}(D)}=1.\end{cases}

By Lemma 3.32, for each k∈ℕk\in\mathbb{N},

(3.368) |∇ωDkϕj|≤C​(λj)k+n2.|\nabla^{k}_{\omega_{D}}\phi_{j}|\leq C(\lambda_{j})^{\frac{k+n}{2}}.

For fixed constant z0>102z_{0}>10^{2}, applying (3.358) and (3.368),

(3.369) |∫ℝhj​(z)​𝑑z|\displaystyle\Big|\int_{\mathbb{R}}h_{j}(z)dz\Big| ≤\displaystyle\leq ∫−∞−z0|hj​(z)|​𝑑z+∫−z0z0|hj​(z)|​𝑑z+∫z0+∞|hj​(z)|​𝑑z\displaystyle\int_{-\infty}^{-z_{0}}|h_{j}(z)|dz+\int_{-z_{0}}^{z_{0}}|h_{j}(z)|dz+\int_{z_{0}}^{+\infty}|h_{j}(z)|dz
≤\displaystyle\leq C⁡(1+λjn2−1).\displaystyle C(1+\lambda_{j}^{\frac{n}{2}-1}).

Combining the above estimates, we have

(3.370) |(hj(z)ϕj∧dz,χ)|=|∫ℝ(hj(z)⋅∫D⟨χ,∗D(ϕj)⟩)dz|≤C⋅∥χ∥C2​k​(Q)⋅C⁡(1+λjn2−1)(λj)k−n2.|(h_{j}(z)\phi_{j}\wedge dz,\chi)|=\Big|\int_{\mathbb{R}}\Big(h_{j}(z)\cdot\int_{D}\langle\chi,*_{D}(\phi_{j})\rangle\Big)dz\Big|\leq C\cdot\|\chi\|_{C^{2k}(Q)}\cdot\frac{C(1+\lambda_{j}^{\frac{n}{2}-1})}{(\lambda_{j})^{k-\frac{n}{2}}}.

Then applying Weyl’s law, if kk is sufficiently large, then the above series converges as stated in (3.362), which completes the proof of the claim.

At our next stage, we will study the exponential decaying behavior of the current GPG_{P} defined in (3.360). For any j∈ℤ+j\in\mathbb{Z}_{+} and for any number z>10n2+k2z>10^{n^{2}+k^{2}}, we have

(3.371) |∇Qk(hj​(z)⋅ϕj)|≤C​(λj)2​n+k−12​e−λj​z.|\nabla^{k}_{Q}(h_{j}(z)\cdot\phi_{j})|\leq C(\lambda_{j})^{\frac{2n+k-1}{2}}e^{-\sqrt{\lambda_{j}}z}.

Notice that by elementary computations, for each δ∈(0,10−2)\delta\in(0,10^{-2}), there is some z0>10n2+k2z_{0}>10^{n^{2}+k^{2}} such that for all z∈(z0,+∞)z\in(z_{0},+\infty) and j∈ℤ+j\in\mathbb{Z}_{+},

(3.372) (λj)2​n+k−12⋅e−δ⋅λjz≤(λj)−6​n.(\lambda_{j})^{\frac{2n+k-1}{2}}\cdot e^{-\delta\cdot\sqrt{\lambda_{j}}z}\leq(\lambda_{j})^{-6n}.

This implies that

(3.373) ∑j=0∞|∇Qk(hj​(z)⋅ϕj)|≤C​e−(1−δ)​λ1​z⋅∑j=0∞(λj)−6​n.\sum\limits_{j=0}^{\infty}|\nabla^{k}_{Q}(h_{j}(z)\cdot\phi_{j})|\leq Ce^{-(1-\delta)\sqrt{\lambda_{1}}z}\cdot\sum\limits_{j=0}^{\infty}(\lambda_{j})^{-6n}.

By Weyl’s law implies that the above numerical series converges, and hence for each k∈ℕk\in\mathbb{N} ∇Qk(GP−h0​(z))\nabla_{Q}^{k}(G_{P}-h_{0}(z)) has an exponential decaying rate as z→+∞z\rightarrow+\infty. The argument is identical for z<0z<0.

The only remaining part is to show that the series GPG_{P} defined by (3.360) satisfies the current equation

(3.374) Δ​GP=2​π​δP\Delta G_{P}=2\pi\delta_{P}

in the distributional sense, i.e., for any χ∈Ω0m−3​(Q)\chi\in\Omega_{0}^{m-3}(Q),

(3.375) (GP,Δ​χ)=2​π​∫Pχ.(G_{P},\Delta\chi)=2\pi\int_{P}\chi.

Applying the definition of fjf_{j}, hjh_{j} and integration by parts, it is straightforward that for each j∈ℕj\in\mathbb{N},

(3.376) (hj​(z)​ϕj∧d​z,Δ​χ)=(fj​(z)​ϕj∧d​z,χ).(h_{j}(z)\phi_{j}\wedge dz,\Delta\chi)=(f_{j}(z)\phi_{j}\wedge dz,\chi).

Since χ∈Ω0m−3​(Q)\chi\in\Omega_{0}^{m-3}(Q), the smooth 22-form ∗D(χ)*_{D}(\chi) has the following L2L^{2}-expansion on the slice D×{0}D\times\{0\},

(3.377) ∗D(χ(0))=∑j=0∞⟨∗D(χ(0)),ϕj⟩D⋅ϕj=∑j=0∞⟨χ(0),∗D(ϕj)⟩D⋅ϕj*_{D}(\chi(0))=\sum\limits_{j=0}^{\infty}\langle*_{D}(\chi(0)),\phi_{j}\rangle_{D}\cdot\phi_{j}=\sum\limits_{j=0}^{\infty}\langle\chi(0),*_{D}(\phi_{j})\rangle_{D}\cdot\phi_{j}

and hence

(3.378) χ⁡(0)=∑j=0∞(∫Dϕj∧χ⁡(0))∗D(ϕj).\chi(0)=\sum\limits_{j=0}^{\infty}\Big(\int_{D}\phi_{j}\wedge\chi(0)\Big)*_{D}(\phi_{j}).

This implies that

(3.379) (∑j=0∞fj⋅ϕj∧dz,χ)=2π∑j=0∞(∫P∗D(ϕj))⋅∫Dϕj∧χ(0)=∫Pχ(0)=2π∫Pχ.\Big(\sum\limits_{j=0}^{\infty}f_{j}\cdot\phi_{j}\wedge dz,\chi\Big)=2\pi\sum\limits_{j=0}^{\infty}\Big(\int_{P}*_{D}(\phi_{j})\Big)\cdot\int_{D}\phi_{j}\wedge\chi(0)=\int_{P}\chi(0)=2\pi\int_{P}\chi.

Therefore,

(3.380) (GP,Δ​χ)=(∑j=0∞hj⋅ϕj∧𝑑z,Δ​χ)=(∑j=0∞fj⋅ϕj∧𝑑z,χ)=2​π​∫Pχ=2​π​δP​(χ),(G_{P},\Delta\chi)=\Big(\sum\limits_{j=0}^{\infty}h_{j}\cdot\phi_{j}\wedge dz,\Delta\chi\Big)=\Big(\sum\limits_{j=0}^{\infty}f_{j}\cdot\phi_{j}\wedge dz,\chi\Big)=2\pi\int_{P}\chi=2\pi\delta_{P}(\chi),

which completes the proof. ∎

Original mathematics by the credited authors. Source-backed reader collection; mathematical self-containment is not assessed.