Original official author HTML, exact retained edition. Historical TeX conversion verdicts remain unchanged. Cited-edition alignment and mathematical self-containment are not assessed.
Complete original source context · Original author HTML
Proof.
We consider
the inclusion ℤ → N ~ ( Λ ) \mathbb{Z}\to{\widetilde{N}}(\Lambda) that sends n ∈ ℤ n\in\mathbb{Z} to the
class of ( 0 , n ) (0,n) . There is a commutative diagram with exact rows and columns
0 \textstyle{0\ignorespaces\ignorespaces\ignorespaces\ignorespaces} 0 \textstyle{0\ignorespaces\ignorespaces\ignorespaces\ignorespaces} 0 \textstyle{0\ignorespaces\ignorespaces\ignorespaces\ignorespaces} N ( Λ ) ∩ ℤ \textstyle{N(\Lambda)\cap\mathbb{Z}\ignorespaces\ignorespaces\ignorespaces\ignorespaces\ignorespaces\ignorespaces\ignorespaces\ignorespaces} ℤ \textstyle{\mathbb{Z}\ignorespaces\ignorespaces\ignorespaces\ignorespaces\ignorespaces\ignorespaces\ignorespaces\ignorespaces} ℤ / ( N ( Λ ) ∩ ℤ ) \textstyle{\mathbb{Z}/(N(\Lambda)\cap\mathbb{Z})\ignorespaces\ignorespaces\ignorespaces\ignorespaces\ignorespaces\ignorespaces\ignorespaces\ignorespaces} 0 \textstyle{0} 0 \textstyle{0\ignorespaces\ignorespaces\ignorespaces\ignorespaces} N ( Λ ) \textstyle{N(\Lambda)\ignorespaces\ignorespaces\ignorespaces\ignorespaces\ignorespaces\ignorespaces\ignorespaces\ignorespaces} N ~ ( Λ ) \textstyle{{\widetilde{N}}(\Lambda)\ignorespaces\ignorespaces\ignorespaces\ignorespaces\ignorespaces\ignorespaces\ignorespaces\ignorespaces} N ~ ( Λ ) / N ( Λ ) \textstyle{{\widetilde{N}}(\Lambda)/N(\Lambda)\ignorespaces\ignorespaces\ignorespaces\ignorespaces} 0 \textstyle{0} N ( Λ ) / ( N ( Λ ) ∩ ℤ ) \textstyle{N(\Lambda)/(N(\Lambda)\cap\mathbb{Z})\ignorespaces\ignorespaces\ignorespaces\ignorespaces\ignorespaces\ignorespaces\ignorespaces\ignorespaces} N ~ ( Λ ) / ℤ \textstyle{{\widetilde{N}}(\Lambda)/\mathbb{Z}\ignorespaces\ignorespaces\ignorespaces\ignorespaces} 0 \textstyle{0} 0 \textstyle{0}
It is easy to see that the bottom arrow in the diagram
is an isomorphism. By the Snake lemma the right vertical arrow is an
isomorphism. Therefore
mult ( Λ ) = [ ℤ : N ( Λ ) ∩ ℤ ] . \operatorname{mult}(\Lambda)=[\mathbb{Z}:N(\Lambda)\cap\mathbb{Z}].
We verify that
N ( Λ ) ∩ ℤ = { n ∈ ℤ ∣ ∃ p ∈ aff ( Λ ) , n p ∈ N } , N(\Lambda)\cap\mathbb{Z}=\{n\in\mathbb{Z}\mid\exists p\in\operatorname{aff}(\Lambda),\ np\in N\},
from which the lemma follows.
∎