ScalingStacks

Example 3.57 . [02M7]

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Example 3.57.

Consider the function f:ℝ2→ℝf\colon\mathbb{R}^{2}\to\mathbb{R} given by

f⁡(u1,u2)=−12​log⁡(1+e−2​u1+e−4​u1−2​u2+e−2​u1−4​u2).f(u_{1},u_{2})=-\frac{1}{2}\log\left(1+\operatorname{e}^{-2u_{1}}+\operatorname{e}^{-4u_{1}-2u_{2}}+\operatorname{e}^{-2u_{1}-4u_{2}}\right).

It is a concave function of Legendre type whose stability set is the polytope Δ=conv⁡((0,0),(1,0),(2,1),(1,2))\Delta=\operatorname{conv}((0,0),(1,0),(2,1),(1,2)). The restriction of its Legendre-Fenchel dual to Δ∘\Delta^{\circ} is also a concave function of Legendre type.

For c∈ℝc\in\mathbb{R}, consider the affine map

Ac:ℝ→ℝ2,u⟼(−u,u+c).A_{c}\colon\mathbb{R}\to\mathbb{R}^{2},\quad u\longmapsto(-u,u+c).

We write Ac=H+(0,c)A_{c}=H+(0,c) for a linear function HH. The dual of HH is the function H∨:ℝ2→ℝH^{\vee}\colon\mathbb{R}^{2}\to\mathbb{R}, (x1,x2)↦x2−x1(x_{1},x_{2})\mapsto x_{2}-x_{1}. Then stab⁡(Ac∗​f)∘=H∨​(Δ∘)\operatorname{stab}(A_{c}^{*}f)^{\circ}=H^{\vee}(\Delta^{\circ}) is the open interval (−1,1)(-1,1). By Proposition 3.55, there is a map ıAc,f\imath_{A_{c},f} embedding (−1,1)(-1,1) into Δ∘\Delta^{\circ} in such a way that ıAc,f∘∇(Ac∗​f)=(∇f)∘Ac\imath_{A_{c},f}\circ\nabla(A_{c}^{*}f)=(\nabla f)\circ A_{c}. For u∈ℝu\in\mathbb{R},

∇(Ac∗​f)​(u)\displaystyle\nabla(A_{c}^{*}f)(u) =e−2​u−4​c−e2​u−e2​u−2​c1+e2​u+e2​u−2​c+e−2​u−4​c∈(−1,1),\displaystyle=\frac{\operatorname{e}^{-2u-4c}-\operatorname{e}^{2u}-\operatorname{e}^{2u-2c}}{1+\operatorname{e}^{2u}+\operatorname{e}^{2u-2c}+\operatorname{e}^{-2u-4c}}\in(-1,1),
(∇f)∘Ac​(u)\displaystyle(\nabla f)\circ A_{c}(u) =(e2​u+2​e2​u−2​c+e−2​u−4​c,e2​u−2​c+2​e−2​u−4​c)1+e2​u+e2​u−2​c+e−2​u−4​c∈Δ∘.\displaystyle=\frac{\left(\operatorname{e}^{2u}+2\operatorname{e}^{2u-2c}+\operatorname{e}^{-2u-4c},\operatorname{e}^{2u-2c}+2\operatorname{e}^{-2u-4c}\right)}{1+\operatorname{e}^{2u}+\operatorname{e}^{2u-2c}+\operatorname{e}^{-2u-4c}}\in\Delta^{\circ}.

From this, we compute ıAc,f​(x)=(x1,x2)\imath_{A_{c},f}(x)=\left(x_{1},x_{2}\right) with

{x1=−e−2​c2​(1+e−2​c)​x+2+3​e−2​c2​(1+e−2​c)​(x2ρc2+(1−ρc2)​x2+ρc+ρc1+ρc),x2=2+e−2​c2​(1+e−2​c)​x+2+3​e−2​c2​(1+e−2​c)​(x2ρc2+(1−ρc2)​x2+ρc+ρc1+ρc),\left\{\begin{aligned} x_{1}&=\frac{-\operatorname{e}^{-2c}}{2(1+\operatorname{e}^{-2c})}x+\frac{2+3\operatorname{e}^{-2c}}{2(1+\operatorname{e}^{-2c})}\left(\frac{x^{2}}{\sqrt{\rho_{c}^{2}+(1-\rho_{c}^{2})x^{2}}+\rho_{c}}+\frac{\rho_{c}}{1+\rho_{c}}\right),\\ x_{2}&=\frac{2+\operatorname{e}^{-2c}}{2(1+\operatorname{e}^{-2c})}x+\frac{2+3\operatorname{e}^{-2c}}{2(1+\operatorname{e}^{-2c})}\left(\frac{x^{2}}{\sqrt{\rho_{c}^{2}+(1-\rho_{c}^{2})x^{2}}+\rho_{c}}+\frac{\rho_{c}}{1+\rho_{c}}\right),\end{aligned}\right.

where we have set ρc=2​e−2​c​1+e−2​c\rho_{c}=2\operatorname{e}^{-2c}\sqrt{1+\operatorname{e}^{-2c}} for short. In particular, the image of the map ıAc,f\imath_{A_{c},f} is an arc of conic: namely the intersection of Δ∘\Delta^{\circ} with the conic of equation

(x2−x1)2=(1−ρc2)​Lc​(x1,x2)2+2​ρc​Lc​(x1,x2),(x_{2}-x_{1})^{2}=(1-\rho_{c}^{2})L_{c}(x_{1},x_{2})^{2}+2\rho_{c}L_{c}(x_{1},x_{2}),

with Lc​(x1,x2)=2+e−2​c2+3​e−2​c​x1+e−2​c2+3​e−2​c​x2−ρc1+ρcL_{c}(x_{1},x_{2})=\frac{2+\operatorname{e}^{-2c}}{2+3\operatorname{e}^{-2c}}x_{1}+\frac{\operatorname{e}^{-2c}}{2+3\operatorname{e}^{-2c}}x_{2}-\frac{\rho_{c}}{1+\rho_{c}}. Varying c∈ℝc\in\mathbb{R}, these arcs of conics form a foliation of Δ∘\Delta^{\circ}, they all pass through the vertex (1,2)(1,2) as x→1x\to 1, and their other end as x→−1x\to-1 parameterizes the relative interior of the edge conv⁡((1,0),(2,1))\operatorname{conv}((1,0),(2,1)), see Figure 2.

Refer to caption

Figure 2. A foliation of Δ∘\Delta^{\circ} by curves

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