ScalingStacks

Smoothing III [04LT]

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Smoothing III

Now we show that the fibration in Example 5.8 can be perturbed to make it smooth on an even larger region. We consider the fibration ℱ\mathcal{F} obtained in Lemma 7.6 whose base is depicted in Figure 15 (a). Over the white region complete smoothness was achieved. In the previous section we saw that over U=ℝ3−ΔU=\mathbb{R}^{3}-\Delta the fibration is (symplectically conjugate to) a stitched Lagrangian fibration which can be constructed as in Theorem 6.19. In this section we want to deform the invariants over each connected component of the seam so to achieve smoothness beyond the (planar) gray region in Figure 15 (b).

(a)(b)
Figure 15: Smoothing away from the legs.
Lemma 7.12.

Let ℱ\mathcal{F} be the fibration obtained in Lemma 7.6. There is a perturbation ℱ~\tilde{\mathcal{F}} of ℱ\mathcal{F} such that:

  • (i)

    ℱ~\tilde{\mathcal{F}} is topologically conjugate to ℱ\mathcal{F};

  • (ii)

    there exists a submanifold with boundary D⊂BD\subset B, homeomorphic to a closed disc in ℝ2\mathbb{R}^{2}, with Δ∩(B−D)\Delta\cap(B-D) consisting of three disjoint segments, such that ℱ~|ℝ3−D\tilde{\mathcal{F}}|_{\mathbb{R}^{3}-D} is a smooth Lagrangian fibration.

Proof.

The proof follows the same lines of Lemma 7.6. Assume that ℱ|ℝ3−Δ\mathcal{F}|_{\mathbb{R}^{3}-\Delta} has been constructed with Theorem 6.19. In particular the wall Γ\Gamma consists of the union of three disjoint sets, denoted Γc\Gamma_{c}, Γd\Gamma_{d} and Γe\Gamma_{e}. The corresponding components of the seam are Zc=f−1​(Γc)Z_{c}=f^{-1}(\Gamma_{c}), Zd=f−1​(Γc)Z_{d}=f^{-1}(\Gamma_{c}) and Ze=f−1​(Γe)Z_{e}=f^{-1}(\Gamma_{e}) with corresponding quotients denoted by Z¯c\bar{Z}_{c}, Z¯d\bar{Z}_{d} and Z¯e\bar{Z}_{e}. The invariants of ℱ|ℝ3−Δ\mathcal{F}|_{\mathbb{R}^{3}-\Delta} are given by sequences ℓc\ell^{c}, ℓd\ell^{d} and ℓe\ell^{e}. In particular the first order invariants satisfy the integral conditions (60) with m1=−1m_{1}=-1 and m2=1m_{2}=1.

Over the same wall Γ\Gamma and seam ZZ, we could define another triple of invariants as follows. Define (ℓc)′(\ell^{c})^{\prime} to be the zero sequence, while (ℓd)′(\ell^{d})^{\prime} and (ℓe)′(\ell^{e})^{\prime} to be sequences whose only non-zero terms are the first order ones, which we define to be

(ℓ1d)′=−d​y2and(ℓ1e)′=d​y3.(\ell_{1}^{d})^{\prime}=-dy_{2}\ \ \text{and}\ \ (\ell_{1}^{e})^{\prime}=dy_{3}.

As we saw in Example 6.21, these choices of invariants give rise to a fake stitched fibration ℱ′\mathcal{F}^{\prime} which is topologically conjugate to ℱ|ℝ3−Δ\mathcal{F}|_{\mathbb{R}^{3}-\Delta}.

Using Theorem 6.19 we now construct a new stitched fibration with the same wall Γ\Gamma and seam ZZ as ℱ|ℝ3−Δ\mathcal{F}|_{\mathbb{R}^{3}-\Delta}, but whose invariants interpolate between those of ℱ′\mathcal{F}^{\prime} and those of ℱ|ℝ3−Δ\mathcal{F}|_{\mathbb{R}^{3}-\Delta}. Let A′A^{\prime} be a small tubular neighborhood of Δ\Delta and denote A¯′=A′∩{b1=0}\bar{A}^{\prime}=A^{\prime}\cap\{b_{1}=0\}. Assume that A¯′\bar{A}^{\prime} is entirely contained in the region in Figure 15 (a) delimited by the dotted lines. In particular we want the ends of A¯′\bar{A}^{\prime} to be contained in the white region where ℱ\mathcal{F} is smooth. Let A⊂A′A\subset A^{\prime} be a smaller open neighborhood of Δ\Delta and denote A¯=A∩{b1=0}\bar{A}=A\cap\{b_{1}=0\}. Let ρ∈C∞​(Γ)\rho\in C^{\infty}(\Gamma) be a cut-off function which is 1 on A¯\bar{A} and 00 on Γ−A¯′\Gamma-\bar{A}^{\prime}. Define ℓ~kc=(1−ρ)​(ℓkc)′+ρ​ℓkc\tilde{\ell}_{k}^{c}=(1-\rho)(\ell_{k}^{c})^{\prime}+\rho\,\ell_{k}^{c} and similarly define ℓ~kd\tilde{\ell}_{k}^{d} and ℓ~ke\tilde{\ell}_{k}^{e}. It follows from Theorem 6.19 that the sequences ℓ~c\tilde{\ell}_{c}, ℓ~d\tilde{\ell}_{d} and ℓ~e\tilde{\ell}_{e} give rise to a stitched Lagrangian fibration ℱ~o\tilde{\mathcal{F}}^{o} which is topologically conjugate to ℱ|ℝ3−Δ\mathcal{F}|_{\mathbb{R}^{3}-\Delta}. Moreover ℱ~o|A−Δ\tilde{\mathcal{F}}^{o}|_{A-\Delta} and ℱ|A−Δ\mathcal{F}|_{A-\Delta} are symplectically conjugate so we can glue ℱ|A\mathcal{F}|_{A} to ℱ~o|A−Δ\tilde{\mathcal{F}}^{o}|_{A-\Delta} along ℱ|A−Δ\mathcal{F}|_{A-\Delta}. This produces a piecewise smooth Lagrangian fibration ℱ~\tilde{\mathcal{F}} which is topologically conjugate to ℱ\mathcal{F}, moreover the chosen invariants guarantee that after a change of coordinates on the base ℱ~\tilde{\mathcal{F}} satisfies the smoothness condition (i​i)(ii). ∎

The fibration ℱ~\tilde{\mathcal{F}} obtained via Lemma 7.12 clearly satisfies properties (i) and (ii) of Definition 7.1, but finally we can also give

Proof of Theorem 7.3.

It only remains to show that ℱ~\mathcal{\tilde{F}} satisfies property (iii) of Definition 7.1, but this immediately follows from the construction. In fact, ℱ~|ℝ3−A′\tilde{\mathcal{F}}|_{\mathbb{R}^{3}-A^{\prime}} coincides with the fibration described in Example 6.21 restricted to a suitable neighborhood of the vertex. We observed that the latter fibration induces an affine structure on the base which is affine isomorphic to a negative vertex of Example 3.12 (or of Example 3.13). This concludes the proof. ∎

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