Non-proper stitched fibrations [04KV]
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Non-proper stitched fibrations
This section is rather technical and the methods introduced will only be used in the proof of Lemma 7.6, therefore the reader may skip it on first reading. Here we study some special cases of piecewise smooth fibrations with non compact fibres. The results extend the ones concerning proper maps. For this reason and for sake of brevity we shall only give full proofs when the arguments do not follow directly from the previous case.
Let be a smooth symplectic -manifold together with a smooth Hamiltonian action with moment map . Assume has exactly one critical value and a codimension four submanifold . Let be a smooth -dimensional manifold and let be a contractible open neighborhood of a point . Let . As usual we define and the quotient of and , .
We consider fibrations satisfying the following:
Assumption 6.22.
The map is a topological fibration with discriminant locus such that satisfying
- (a)
is topologically conjugate to a generic singular fibration.
- (b)
There is a continuous invariant map such that
- (i)
if then and are restrictions of maps on ;
- (ii)
can be written as and restricted to is a proper map with connected Lagrangian fibres.
- (i)
- (c)
There is a connected, invariant, open neighborhood of such that and such that is a map with non degenerate singular points.
We can think of as with . Clearly, the restriction of to is a stitched fibration in the sense of the previous sections. Example 5.7, as well as the legs of Example 5.8 satisfy conditions (a) and (b). Furthermore, one can deform such examples near to produce fibrations which, in addition, satisfy condition (c) (cf. Lemma 7.4).
Let be a smaller open set satisfying condition (c) (maybe after shrinking ). If we remove we obtain a topologically trivial compact cylinder fibration
| (61) |
which fails to be smooth along a subset of . Notice though that the fibration is actually smooth toward the ends of each cylindrical fibre.
Let with symplectic structure . The restriction defines a piecewise smooth open cylinder fibration
| (62) |
We denote the cylindrical fibre of over . On the other hand, the smooth part of defines an integrable Hamiltonian system with non-degenerate singularities which can be normalized as in Theorem 4.6. This normalization defines smooth coordinates on the base.
Denote by and by the restriction of to . Let be the restriction of to and let and the corresponding reduced space with reduced symplectic structure on .
Proposition 6.23.
Let be a fibration satisfying Assumption 6.22 and let be a smooth fibre. There is a basis of and coordinates on with respect to which the periods of can be written
where and . Moreover, there is a fibre preserving symplectomorphism
| (63) |
where is the integral lattice generated by .
Proof.
We take as coordinates on the ones given by the normalization of the singularity in Theorem 4.6. Then the proof goes essentially as in Proposition 4.8. As in the smooth case, one can define as being represented by an -tuple of sections , each one given by certain composition of Hamiltonian flows. In this case, however, does not vary smoothly but piecewise smoothly, failing to be smooth along . The contribution of the path to the periods is . On the other hand, the contribution of is . In contrast, the other two periods can be computed along paths entirely contained in which implies that they are smoothly defined on . ∎
We will from now on denote and simply by and respectively.
Remark 6.24.
Notice that in the above we can assume , therefore we can define . Via the identification in the above Proposition, the space corresponds to and becomes the projection .
We now introduce a standard model for fibrations satisfying Assumption 6.22.
Example 6.25 (Normal form of cylindrical type).
Let be a pair of subsets of diffeomorphic to with . Let . Given denote by the germ of along . Consider the integral lattice in generated by:
| (64) |
Let denote the locally defined vertical coordinates on , which it is convenient to think of as -periodic coordinates. For fixed positive consider the following subset of :
| (65) |
and denote . If is a sufficiently small neighborhood of , we can assume that for every , . Therefore the projection maps to a cylinder which closes up in the and direction but not in the direction. So let us think of as this cylinder and define , which is an open subset of . The projection restricts to an open cylinder fibration:
Clearly there is an action on induced by , whose moment map is . Let and let be the corresponding reduced space. Let be the reduced fibration. We denote the fibre of by .
For , construct , which is a cylinder fibration with shorter cylinders, and define its closure . Define the open set , which we can think of as the union of the ends of the cylinders. Suppose now that we have an open neighborhood of and a smooth invariant Lagrangian submersion with cylindrical fibres satisfying: , and . Then we can define , , and the piecewise smooth function to be the map
| (66) |
Clearly, if we think of as playing the role of , is a Lagrangian fibration of type (62). Notice that the fibres of coincide with the fibres of inside , in particular is smooth restricted to . In some sense, the fibres of are straight towards their ends (cf. Figure 11).
We now compactify by adding the singularities. Let and let be the Lagrangian fibration induced by the standard projection on . Clearly and therefore are open subsets of . When , the fibre is an open cylinder, with ends at and in the -direction, otherwise is a torus. From the results in [1], can be compactified to a symplectic manifold by adding the singularity at the ends of the cylinders when . The fibration extends to a smooth fibration of generic-singular type. The open subset extends to an open neighborhood of the singular set . The fibres of coincide with the fibres of toward their ends and therefore may be extended to make it coincide with on . More precisely, define and . Now we can define
| (67) |
Clearly is a well defined Lagrangian fibration satisfying Assumption 6.22. The zero section of is, perhaps after a change of coordinates in the base, a section of . If is a smooth fibre of , with , let be the basis of determined by . We call a normal form of cylindrical type.
The set can be visualized in Figure 11 as the square with open top and bottom. The straight light-colored lines are the fibres of and the fibres of are depicted as dark lines. The upper and lower rectangular regions represent the components of .
Given the above construction we denote and by its quotient. Notice that if we let , then . If is the projection, let . We can assume is a well defined map in a neighborhood of which coincides with the projection outside a neighborhood of , therefore we can associate to the pair a sequence of fibrewise closed section of , just as we did in the proper case. We can easily see that the sequence must vanish outside , in particular each , when restricted to a fibre, has compact support contained in the cylinder . With respect to the proper case, in this situation we have an additional piece of data, i.e. the smooth function .
The following is analogous to Definition 6.8:
Definition 6.26.
With the above notation,
- i)
Let the set of sequences of fibrewise closed sections of which vanish outside for some positive such that for every .
- ii)
Let be the set of pairs where, for some positive and satisfying , is a neighborhood of and is a smooth, -invariant Lagrangian submersion, with cylindrical fibres, with components such that , and .
- iii)
Let be the set of germs of smooth functions defined on neighborhoods of .
We define the invariants of a normal form of cylindrical type to be:
A little explanation is necessary to see in which sense these are invariants.
Remark 6.27.
Suppose we are given two normal forms of cylindrical type and . From the results in [1] (cf. also Theorem 4.13), a necessary condition for and to be symplectically conjugate is that , so suppose this holds. This gives a symplectomorphism, which we denote by , between the total spaces and of the two fibrations which conjugates and . By pulling back via this symplectomorphism and computing the Taylor series, we obtain a sequence of fibrewise closed sections of which we call . Using the same arguments as in the proof of Theorem 6.12 (cf.[2], Theorem 6.11), we can then show that and are symplectically conjugate if and only if . In particular, when , they are symplectically conjugate if and only if .
For the classification of fibrations satisfying Assumption 6.22, it is useful to have the following result.
Proposition 6.28.
Let be a Lagrangian fibration satisfying Assumption 6.22. Given a smooth fibre of there is a basis of and a section of , such that is symplectically conjugate to a normal form of cylindrical type .
Proof.
One uses the same arguments as in the proof of Proposition 6.9. Suppose there is an extension of to a smooth Lagrangian fibration defined on a neighborhood of such that . Then one may compute the period lattice of ; this gives a smooth function extending the function in Proposition 6.23. Assuming that also has been extended to so that , one may verify that the period map gives the required equivalence between and where .
To extend , notice that is smooth so, tautologically, is an extension of to . It remains to extend away from . Let and define as in (62). Denote and by its quotient with the reduced fibration. Then is a smooth Lagrangian cylinder fibration.
The coisotropic neighborhood theorem allows us to identify a neighborhood of inside with a neighborhood of inside ( will denote the coordinate). Moreover, since can be identified with (see Remark 6.24), can be identified with a subset of of the type for some positive (see Example 6.25). The pullback of under these identifications gives a piecewise smooth Lagrangian fibration on
| (68) |
where , and is the restriction to of a map. The set where is smooth, corresponds (under the above identifications) to the interior of which we denote , where . Notice that the map above is then smooth along , in particular the Taylor expansions in of and coincide along . With the same arguments used in the proper case one can show that can be smoothly extended to a Lagrangian fibration beyond (cf. Proposition 6.9 above, or [2] Proposition 6.3 for more details). In fact with a little more care one can do this so that along , where an extension already exists, namely itself, we have . The map gives the required extension of , where the last observation guarantees that . ∎
From the above result, it follows that to every Lagrangian fibration satisfying Assumption 6.22 we can assign the invariants of a normal form for , i.e. a triple . Notice that two normal forms and for the same fibration must be related in the way described in Remark 6.27. It is worth stating this in the following:
Theorem 6.29.
We also have:
Proposition 6.30.
Given , there is a function defined on a neighborhood of whose germ is , such that for every , there is a normal form of cylindrical type whose invariants are .