ScalingStacks

Examples [04IW]

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Examples

We start giving examples of non-proper Lagrangian fibrations describing the singular behavior of (i) and (ii) near Crit⁡(f)\Crit(f). Let Dk⊆ℝkD^{k}\subseteq\mathbb{R}^{k} be the standard open ball.

Example 4.2.

Consider ℝ4\mathbb{R}^{4} with standard coordinates (x1,x2,y1,y2)(x_{1},x_{2},y_{1},y_{2}) and let D4⊆ℝ4D^{4}\subseteq\mathbb{R}^{4}. Let D1×S1D^{1}\times S^{1} have coordinates (r,θ)(r,\theta). Define V=D4×D1×S1V=D^{4}\times D^{1}\times S^{1} with the standard symplectic structure and F⁡(xi,yi,r,θ)=(b1,b2,b3)F(x_{i},y_{i},r,\theta)=(b_{1},b_{2},b_{3}) where

b1=x1​y1+x2​y2,b2=x1​y2−x2​y1,b3=r3.\begin{array}[]{lll}b_{1}=x_{1}y_{1}+x_{2}y_{2},&b_{2}=x_{1}y_{2}-x_{2}y_{1},&b_{3}=r_{3}.\end{array} (14)

The reader may verify that μ=(b2,b3)\mu=(b_{2},b_{3}) is the moment map of a Hamiltonian action of T2T^{2} and that FF is a T2T^{2} invariant Lagrangian fibration of VV over D2×D1D^{2}\times D^{1}. The singular fibres are homeomorphic to ℝ×S1×S1\mathbb{R}\times S^{1}\times S^{1} after {p}×S1×S1\{p\}\times S^{1}\times S^{1} is collapsed to {p}×S1\{p\}\times S^{1}.

Example 4.3.

Consider ℂ3\mathbb{C}^{3} with canonical coordinates z1,z2,z3z_{1},z_{2},z_{3}. Define F⁡(z)=(b1,b2,b3)F(z)=(b_{1},b_{2},b_{3}), where

b1=Im⁡z1​z2​z3,b2=|z1|2−|z2|2,b3=|z1|2−|z3|2.\begin{array}[]{lll}b_{1}=\im z_{1}z_{2}z_{3},&b_{2}=|z_{1}|^{2}-|z_{2}|^{2},&b_{3}=|z_{1}|^{2}-|z_{3}|^{2}.\end{array} (15)

Here μ⁡(z1,z2,z3)=(b2,b3)\mu(z_{1},z_{2},z_{3})=(b_{2},b_{3}) is the moment map of a T2T^{2}-action, furthermore the above functions Poisson commute, so the fibres of FF are Lagrangian. The critical locus of FF is Crit(F)=⋃i​j{zi=zj=0}\Crit(F)=\bigcup_{ij}\{z_{i}=z_{j}=0\} and its discriminant locus is Δ={b1=0,b2=b3≥0}∪{b1=b2=0,b3≤0}∪{b1=b3=0,b2≤0}\Delta=\{b_{1}=0,b_{2}=b_{3}\geq 0\}\cup\{b_{1}=b_{2}=0,b_{3}\leq 0\}\cup\{b_{1}=b_{3}=0,b_{2}\leq 0\}, i.e. a cone over three points with vertex at 0∈ℝ30\in\mathbb{R}^{3}. The regular fibres are homeomorphic to ℝ×T2\mathbb{R}\times T^{2}. The singular fibre over 0∈Δ0\in\Delta is homeomorphic to ℝ×T2\mathbb{R}\times T^{2} after {p}×T2\{p\}\times T^{2} is collapsed to p∈ℝp\in\mathbb{R}. All the other singular fibres are homeomorphic to ℝ×T2\mathbb{R}\times T^{2} after a two cycle {p}×T2⊂ℝ×T2\{p\}\times T^{2}\subset\mathbb{R}\times T^{2} is collapsed to a circle. This is one of the examples of special Lagrangian fibrations by Harvey and Lawson [19].

Now we give explicit examples of Lagrangian positive and generic-singular fibrations.

Example 4.4.

Let X=ℂ3−{1+z1z2z3=0}X=\mathbb{C}^{3}-\{1+z_{1}z_{2}z_{3}=0\} with canonical coordinates z1,z2,z3z_{1},z_{2},z_{3} and the standard symplectic structure. Consider the T2T^{2}-action on XX given by (z1,z2,z3)↦(ei​θ1​z1,ei​θ2​z2,e−i⁡(θ1+θ2)​z3)(z_{1},z_{2},z_{3})\mapsto(e^{i\theta_{1}}z_{1},e^{i\theta_{2}}z_{2},e^{-i(\theta_{1}+\theta_{2})}z_{3}). We obtain f:X→ℝ3f:X\rightarrow\mathbb{R}^{3} given by f=(f1,f2,f3)f=(f_{1},f_{2},f_{3}) where

f1=log⁡|1+z1​z2​z3|f_{1}=\log|1+z_{1}z_{2}z_{3}|, f2=|z1|2−|z2|2f_{2}=|z_{1}|^{2}-|z_{2}|^{2}, f3=|z1|2−|z3|2f_{3}=|z_{1}|^{2}-|z_{3}|^{2}.

It is straightforward to check that the above functions Poisson commute, hence the fibres of ff are Lagrangian. It follows that ff is modeled on Example 4.3 near Crit⁡(f)\Crit(f). In particular, the discriminant locus is a cone over three points which coincides with the one in Example 4.3. This example has the topology of a positive fibration.

Example 4.5.

Let X′=ℂ2−{z1z2−1=0}X^{\prime}=\mathbb{C}^{2}-\{z_{1}z_{2}-1=0\} and let X=X′×ℂ∗X=X^{\prime}\times\mathbb{C}^{\ast} with the standard symplectic structure. Define f:X→ℝ3f:X\rightarrow\mathbb{R}^{3} by f=(f1,f2,f3)f=(f_{1},f_{2},f_{3}) where

f1=|z1|2−|z2|22f_{1}=\frac{|z_{1}|^{2}-|z_{2}|^{2}}{2}, f2=log⁡|z3|f_{2}=\log|z_{3}|, f3=log⁡|z1​z2−1|f_{3}=\log|z_{1}z_{2}-1|.

Again, these functions Poisson commute, hence ff is Lagrangian. The singular fibres of ff are lying over Δ={(0,r,0)∣r∈ℝ}\Delta=\{(0,r,0)\mid r\in\mathbb{R}\}. The reader may verify that the above gives a generic-singular fibration.

The reader should be aware that the above are just examples of Lagrangian positive and generic-singular fibrations. In fact, there are infinitely many germs of such fibrations [1].

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