ScalingStacks

Proof. [0412]

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Proof.

The key technique is to construct a parametrix Pg(2)P_{g^{(2)}} for the Green operator semi-explicitly, with precise control on its mapping properties.

Given a function ff with ‖f‖Cδ,τk,α​(ℂ3)=1\left\lVert f\right\rVert_{C^{k,\alpha}_{\delta,\tau}(\mathbb{C}^{3})}=1, temporarily assumed to have sufficient decay at infinity, we will construct an approximate solution u=Pg(2)​fu=P_{g^{(2)}}f to the Poisson equation as follows. Take a smooth cutoff function χ′\chi^{\prime}

χ′={1dist​(⋅,𝔇)≥2,0dist​(⋅,𝔇)≤1,\chi^{\prime}=\begin{cases}1\quad&\text{dist}(\cdot,\mathfrak{D})\geq 2,\\ 0\quad&\text{dist}(\cdot,\mathfrak{D})\leq 1,\end{cases}

then χ′​f\chi^{\prime}f has norm ‖χ′​f‖Cδ,τk,α​(ℂ3)≲1\left\lVert\chi^{\prime}f\right\rVert_{C^{k,\alpha}_{\delta,\tau}(\mathbb{C}^{3})}\lesssim 1 and is supported in {dist(⋅,𝔇)≥1}\{\text{dist}(\cdot,\mathfrak{D})\geq 1\}. Applying Lemma 2.18, the function u0=Δa−1​(χ′​f)u_{0}=\Delta_{a}^{-1}(\chi^{\prime}f) satisfies ‖∇g(2)2u0‖Cδ,τk,α​(ℂ3)≤C\left\lVert\nabla^{2}_{g^{(2)}}u_{0}\right\rVert_{C^{k,\alpha}_{\delta,\tau}(\mathbb{C}^{3})}\leq C. By Lemma 2.19 we can choose C2≫1C_{2}\gg 1 large enough independent of ff to ensure

‖Δg(2)u0−f‖Ck,αδ,τ(ℂ3∩{dist(⋅,𝔇)>C2/2})≪1.\left\lVert\Delta_{g^{(2)}}u_{0}-f\right\rVert_{C^{k,\alpha}_{\delta,\tau}(\mathbb{C}^{3}\cap\{\text{dist}(\cdot,\mathfrak{D})>C_{2}/2\})}\ll 1.

Next we take smooth cutoff functions χ1′,χ2′,χ3′\chi_{1}^{\prime},\chi_{2}^{\prime},\chi_{3}^{\prime} near 𝔇1,𝔇2,𝔇3\mathfrak{D}_{1},\mathfrak{D}_{2},\mathfrak{D}_{3}, such that

χ1′={1distga​(⋅,𝔇1)≤C2/2​ and ​|μ→|a>2​C2,0distga​(⋅,𝔇1)≥C2​ or ​|μ→|a<C2\chi_{1}^{\prime}=\begin{cases}1\quad&\text{dist}_{g_{a}}(\cdot,\mathfrak{D}_{1})\leq C_{2}/2\text{ and }|\vec{\mu}|_{a}>2C_{2},\\ 0\quad&\text{dist}_{g_{a}}(\cdot,\mathfrak{D}_{1})\geq C_{2}\text{ or }|\vec{\mu}|_{a}<C_{2}\end{cases}

and similarly with χ2′,χ3′\chi_{2}^{\prime},\chi_{3}^{\prime}. The function

f1=χ1′​(f−Δg(2)​u0)=χ1′​(f−Trg(2)⁡∇g(2)2u0)f_{1}=\chi_{1}^{\prime}(f-\Delta_{g^{(2)}}u_{0})=\chi_{1}^{\prime}(f-\Tr_{g^{(2)}}\nabla^{2}_{g^{(2)}}u_{0})

is supported in {distga​(⋅,𝔇1)≤C2,|μ→|a≥C2}\{\text{dist}_{g_{a}}(\cdot,\mathfrak{D}_{1})\leq C_{2},|\vec{\mu}|_{a}\geq C_{2}\} with bound ‖f1‖Cδ,τk,α≤C\left\lVert f_{1}\right\rVert_{C^{k,\alpha}_{\delta,\tau}}\leq C. So we can apply Lemma 2.20 and Lemma 2.21 to find u1=χ1​GTaub​f1u_{1}=\chi_{1}G_{\text{Taub}}f_{1} with bounds

‖∇g(2)2u1‖Cδ,τk,α​(ℂ3)≤C,‖Δg(2)u1−f1‖Ck,αδ,τ(ℂ3∩{|μ→|a>2C3})≤CC3−ϵ≪1.\left\lVert\nabla^{2}_{g^{(2)}}u_{1}\right\rVert_{C^{k,\alpha}_{\delta,\tau}(\mathbb{C}^{3})}\leq C,\quad\left\lVert\Delta_{{g^{(2)}}}u_{1}-f_{1}\right\rVert_{C^{k,\alpha}_{\delta,\tau}(\mathbb{C}^{3}\cap\{|\vec{\mu}|_{a}>2C_{3}\})}\leq CC_{3}^{-\epsilon}\ll 1.

Completely analogous constructions are made near 𝔇2\mathfrak{D}_{2} and 𝔇3\mathfrak{D}_{3}, where we obtain u2,u3u_{2},u_{3} with similar bounds.

Let χ4′\chi_{4}^{\prime} be a smooth cutoff function

χ4′={1|μ→|a≤2​C3,0|μ→|a≥4​C3,\chi_{4}^{\prime}=\begin{cases}1\quad&|\vec{\mu}|_{a}\leq 2C_{3},\\ 0\quad&|\vec{\mu}|_{a}\geq 4C_{3},\end{cases}

and define f4=χ4′​(f−Δg(2)​(u0+u1+u2+u3))f_{4}=\chi_{4}^{\prime}(f-\Delta_{g^{(2)}}(u_{0}+u_{1}+u_{2}+u_{3})), which is supported in the ball {|μ→|a≤4C3}\{|\vec{\mu}|_{a}\leq 4C_{3}\} and admits the bound ‖f4‖Cδ,τk,α​(ℂ3)≤C\left\lVert f_{4}\right\rVert_{C^{k,\alpha}_{\delta,\tau}(\mathbb{C}^{3})}\leq C. Then we can apply Lemma 2.22 to obtain u4=Gg(2)​f4u_{4}=G_{g^{(2)}}f_{4} with bounds

‖∇g(2)2u4‖Cδ,τk,α​(ℂ3)≤C,Δg(2)​u4=f4.\left\lVert\nabla^{2}_{g^{(2)}}u_{4}\right\rVert_{C^{k,\alpha}_{\delta,\tau}(\mathbb{C}^{3})}\leq C,\quad\Delta_{{g^{(2)}}}u_{4}=f_{4}.

We set Pg(2)​f=u=u0+u1+u2+u3+u4P_{g^{(2)}}f=u=u_{0}+u_{1}+u_{2}+u_{3}+u_{4}. The key point is that by construction

‖∇g(2)2u‖Cδ,τk,α​(ℂ3)≤C,‖Δg(2)​u−f‖Cδ,τk,α​(ℂ3)≪1,\left\lVert\nabla^{2}_{g^{(2)}}u\right\rVert_{C^{k,\alpha}_{\delta,\tau}(\mathbb{C}^{3})}\leq C,\quad\left\lVert\Delta_{{g^{(2)}}}u-f\right\rVert_{C^{k,\alpha}_{\delta,\tau}(\mathbb{C}^{3})}\ll 1,

namely uu is an approximate solution to the Poisson equation with bounds. A subtlety is that ∇g(2)2​u\nabla^{2}_{g^{(2)}}u is fully controlled while uu is only controlled up to an additive constant. In any event, after extending the definition of the operator by removing the fast decay hypotheses on ff, we have defined a bounded linear operator between weighted Hölder spaces of T2T^{2}-invariant functions and symmetric 2-tensors on ℂ3\mathbb{C}^{3}

∇g(2)2Pg(2):Cδ,τk,α​(ℂ3)→Cδ,τk,α​(ℂ3,Sym2),\nabla^{2}_{g^{(2)}}P_{g^{(2)}}:C^{k,\alpha}_{\delta,\tau}(\mathbb{C}^{3})\to C^{k,\alpha}_{\delta,\tau}(\mathbb{C}^{3},\text{Sym}^{2}),

such that the operator Trg(2)⁡∇g(2)2Pg(2)\Tr_{g^{(2)}}\nabla^{2}_{g^{(2)}}P_{g^{(2)}} is an approximation to the identity. Thus

ℛ′=∇g(2)2Pg(2)​(Trg(2)⁡∇2Pg(2))−1\mathcal{R}^{\prime}=\nabla^{2}_{g^{(2)}}P_{g^{(2)}}(\Tr_{g^{(2)}}\nabla^{2}P_{g^{(2)}})^{-1}

is a bounded right inverse to Trg(2)\Tr_{g^{(2)}}. Composing with the projection to the type (1,1)-forms defines the operator

ℛ=−1​∂∂¯​Pg(2)​(Trg(2)⁡∇2Pg(2))−1,\mathcal{R}=\sqrt{-1}\partial\bar{\partial}P_{g^{(2)}}(\Tr_{g^{(2)}}\nabla^{2}P_{g^{(2)}})^{-1},

which takes value in closed (1,1)-forms and is a bounded inverse to Trg(2)\Tr_{g^{(2)}}. It is worth commenting that the same operators work for different exponents δ,τ\delta,\tau.

It remains to relate ℛ\mathcal{R} and ℛ′\mathcal{R}^{\prime} to the Green operator Gg(2)G_{g^{(2)}} when ff has sufficient decay at infinity. The point is that for fast decay weights δ+τ<−2\delta+\tau<-2 and δ<−2\delta<-2, the Hessian control ‖∇g(2)2u‖Cδ,τk,α​(ℂ3)≤C\left\lVert\nabla^{2}_{g^{(2)}}u\right\rVert_{C^{k,\alpha}_{\delta,\tau}(\mathbb{C}^{3})}\leq C together with the a priori qualitative decay u→0u\to 0 at infinity, imply the quantitative bound ‖u‖Cδ+2,τk+2,α​(ℂ3)≤C.\left\lVert u\right\rVert_{C^{k+2,\alpha}_{\delta+2,\tau}(\mathbb{C}^{3})}\leq C. This enables us to extend Pg(2){P}_{g^{(2)}} to a bounded linear operator

Pg(2):Cδ,τk,α​(ℂ3)→Cδ+2,τk+2,α​(ℂ3){P}_{g^{(2)}}:C^{k,\alpha}_{\delta,\tau}(\mathbb{C}^{3})\to C^{k+2,\alpha}_{\delta+2,\tau}(\mathbb{C}^{3})

and the operator

Pg(2)​(Trg(2)⁡∇2Pg(2))−1:Cδ,τk,α​(ℂ3)→Cδ+2,τk+2,α​(ℂ3)P_{g^{(2)}}(\Tr_{g^{(2)}}\nabla^{2}P_{g^{(2)}})^{-1}:C^{k,\alpha}_{\delta,\tau}(\mathbb{C}^{3})\to C^{k+2,\alpha}_{\delta+2,\tau}(\mathbb{C}^{3})

defines an inverse to the Laplacian Δg(2)\Delta_{g^{(2)}}. By the uniqueness of decaying solution to the Poisson equation Gg(2)=Pg(2)​(Trg(2)⁡∇2Pg(2))−1G_{g^{(2)}}=P_{g^{(2)}}(\Tr_{g^{(2)}}\nabla^{2}P_{g^{(2)}})^{-1}. Hence

ℛ′=∇g(2)2Gg(2),ℛ=−1​∂∂¯​Gg(2)\mathcal{R}^{\prime}=\nabla^{2}_{g^{(2)}}G_{g^{(2)}},\quad\mathcal{R}=\sqrt{-1}\partial\bar{\partial}G_{g^{(2)}}

as required. ∎

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