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3. The essential skeleton [04V0]

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3. The essential skeleton

3.1. Retraction to the skeleton of an sโ€‹nโ€‹csnc-model

(3.1.1) Let ๐’ด\mathscr{Y} be a connected regular flat separated RR-scheme of finite type such that the special fiber ๐’ดk\mathscr{Y}_{k} is a divisor with strict normal crossings. Then, as explained in [MN13, ยง3.1], one can associate to ๐’ด\mathscr{Y} its skeleton Skโก(๐’ด)\mathrm{Sk}(\mathscr{Y}), which is a topological subspace of the generic fiber ๐’ด^ฮท\widehat{\mathscr{Y}}_{\eta} of the formal tt-adic completion of ๐’ด\mathscr{Y}. It is the set of points of ๐’ด^ฮท\widehat{\mathscr{Y}}_{\eta} that correspond to a real valuation on the function field of ๐’ดK\mathscr{Y}_{K} that is monomial with respect to the strict normal crossings divisor ๐’ดk\mathscr{Y}_{k}. The skeleton Skโก(๐’ด)\mathrm{Sk}(\mathscr{Y}) is canonically homeomorphic to the dual intersection complex ๐’Ÿโก((๐’ดk)red)\mathcal{D}((\mathscr{Y}_{k})_{\mathrm{red}}) of ๐’ดk\mathscr{Y}_{k}, and there exists a canonical continuous retraction

ฯ๐’ด:๐’ด^ฮทโ†’Skโก(๐’ด).\rho_{\mathscr{Y}}:\widehat{\mathscr{Y}}_{\eta}\to\mathrm{Sk}(\mathscr{Y}).

Moreover, Skโก(๐’ด)\mathrm{Sk}(\mathscr{Y}) carries a canonical piecewise โ„ค\mathbb{Z}-affine structure [MN13, ยง3.2].

(3.1.2) We keep the notations from (2.1). For each ๐’ž\mathscr{C}-model ๐’ณ\mathscr{X} of XX, we define the skeleton of ๐’ณ\mathscr{X} by

Skโก(๐’ณ)=Skโก(๐’ณRsnc)โŠ‚(๐’ณRsnc)^ฮทโŠ‚XKan\mathrm{Sk}(\mathscr{X})=\mathrm{Sk}(\mathscr{X}^{\mathrm{snc}}_{R})\subset\widehat{(\mathscr{X}^{\mathrm{snc}}_{R})}_{\eta}\subset X_{K}^{\mathrm{an}}

and we write ฯ๐’ณ\rho_{\mathscr{X}} for ฯ๐’ณRsnc\rho_{\mathscr{X}_{R}^{\mathrm{snc}}}. If ๐’ณ\mathscr{X} is a proper sโ€‹nโ€‹csnc-model of XX, one has the following crucial property.

Theorem 3.1.3.

If ๐’ณ\mathscr{X} is a proper sโ€‹nโ€‹csnc-model of XX over ๐’ž\mathscr{C}, then there exists a continuous map

H:[0,1]ร—XKanโ†’XKanH:[0,1]\times X_{K}^{\mathrm{an}}\to X_{K}^{\mathrm{an}}

such that Hโก(0,โ‹…)H(0,\cdot) is the identity, Hโก(t,x)=xH(t,x)=x for all xx in Skโก(๐’ณ)\mathrm{Sk}(\mathscr{X}) and all tt in [0,1][0,1], and Hโก(1,โ‹…)=ฯ๐’ณH(1,\cdot)=\rho_{\mathscr{X}}. Thus Skโก(๐’ณ)\mathrm{Sk}(\mathscr{X}) is a strong deformation retract of XKanX_{K}^{\mathrm{an}}.

Proof.

A closely related result is proven in [Th07, 3.26]. We will explain how our statement can be deduced from that result. Following the notation in [Th07], we denote by ๐’ณโ„ถ\mathscr{X}^{\beth} the kk-analytic space associated to the toroidal embedding Xโ†ช๐’ณX\hookrightarrow\mathscr{X}, where kk is endowed with the trivial absolute value. By definition, ๐’ณโ„ถ\mathscr{X}^{\beth} is the generic fiber of the formal tt-adic completion ๐’ณ^\widehat{\mathscr{X}} of ๐’ณ\mathscr{X}, viewed as a special formal kk-scheme by forgetting the kโก[[t]]k[\negthinspace[t]\negthinspace]-structure [Be96, ยง1].

The relation between ๐’ณโ„ถ\mathscr{X}^{\beth} and XKanX_{K}^{\mathrm{an}} is explained in detail at the beginning of Section 4 in [Ni11]; let us recall the main idea. Considering the morphism of special formal kk-schemes ๐’ณ^โ†’Spfโ€‹kโ€‹[[t]]\widehat{\mathscr{X}}\to\mathrm{Spf}\,k[\negthinspace[t]\negthinspace] and passing to the generic fibers, we obtain a morphism of kk-analytic spaces from ๐’ณโ„ถ\mathscr{X}^{\beth} to the open unit disc DD over kk. We can identify the underlying topological space of DD with [0,1[[0,1[ by means of the homeomorphism

Dโ†’[0,1[:xโ†ฆ|t(x)|.D\to[0,1[\,:x\mapsto|t(x)|.

The residue field of DD at the point 1/e1/e in [0,1[[0,1[ is KK with our chosen tt-adic absolute value |โ‹…|K|\cdot|_{K}, and the KK-analytic space XKanX_{K}^{\mathrm{an}} is canonically isomorphic to the fiber of ๐’ณโ„ถ\mathscr{X}^{\beth} over 1/e1/e. Thus we can view XKanX_{K}^{\mathrm{an}} as the subspace of ๐’ณโ„ถ\mathscr{X}^{\beth} consisting of the points xx such that |tโก(x)|=1/e|t(x)|=1/e.

In [Th07, 3.13], Thuillier constructs a retraction p๐’ณp_{\mathscr{X}} of ๐’ณโ„ถ\mathscr{X}^{\beth} onto a certain subspace ๐’ฎโก(๐’ณ)\mathcal{S}(\mathscr{X}), the skeleton of the toroidal embedding. Moreover, in [Th07, 3.26], he shows that p๐’ณp_{\mathscr{X}} can be extended to a strong deformation retraction HH of ๐’ณโ„ถ\mathscr{X}^{\beth} onto ๐’ฎโก(๐’ณ)\mathcal{S}(\mathscr{X}). Going through the definitions, one observes that p๐’ณp_{\mathscr{X}} and HH commute with the morphism ๐’ณโ„ถโ†’D\mathscr{X}^{\beth}\to D and that the restriction of

p๐’ณ:๐’ณโ„ถโ†’๐’ฎโก(๐’ณ)p_{\mathscr{X}}:\mathscr{X}^{\beth}\to\mathcal{S}(\mathscr{X})

over the point 1/e1/e of DD is precisely the retraction

ฯ๐’ณ:XKanโ†’Skโก(๐’ณ).\rho_{\mathscr{X}}:X_{K}^{\mathrm{an}}\to\mathrm{Sk}(\mathscr{X}).

Thus by restricting HH over 1/eโˆˆD1/e\in D, we obtain a map that satisfies all the properties in the statement. โˆŽ

(3.1.4) Theorem 3.1.3 can be extended to the case where XX is defined over KK instead of CC and ๐’ณ\mathscr{X} is a proper sโ€‹nโ€‹csnc-model of XX over RR. The general proof technique is the same as in [Th07], but one replaces the formalism of toroidal embeddings by the more flexible language of logarithmic geometry. Details will appear in [Ni13]. We will only use this generalization in the proof of Theorem 4.2.4.

3.2. The skeleton of a good minimal dโ€‹lโ€‹tdlt-model

(3.2.1) In the following subsections, we will make use of the weight function

wtฯ‰:XKanโ†’โ„โˆช{+โˆž}\mathrm{wt}_{\omega}:X_{K}^{\mathrm{an}}\to\mathbb{R}\cup\{+\infty\}

associated to a non-zero mm-pluricanonical form on XKX_{K}, for any m>0m>0. Its construction and main properties are described in [MN13, 4.4.5]. For us, its most important features are the following: if ๐’ณ\mathscr{X} is an sโ€‹nโ€‹csnc-model of XX over ๐’ž\mathscr{C} and xx is a point of Skโก(๐’ณ)\mathrm{Sk}(\mathscr{X}), then

wtฯ‰โ€‹(x)=vxโ€‹(div๐’ณโ€‹(ฯ‰)+mโ€‹(๐’ณs)red)\mathrm{wt}_{\omega}(x)=v_{x}(\mathrm{div}_{\mathscr{X}}(\omega)+m(\mathscr{X}_{s})_{\mathrm{red}})

(here we use the notation recalled in (2.1)). Moreover, for every point yy of ๐’ณ^ฮท\widehat{\mathscr{X}}_{\eta}, we have

wtฯ‰โ€‹(y)โ‰ฅwtฯ‰โ€‹(ฯ๐’ณโ€‹(y))\mathrm{wt}_{\omega}(y)\geq\mathrm{wt}_{\omega}(\rho_{\mathscr{X}}(y))

with equality if and only if yy lies on Skโก(๐’ณ)\mathrm{Sk}(\mathscr{X}). In [MN13, 4.4.5] there is no properness assumption on XKX_{K}; this allows us to deal with rational pluricanonical forms by removing the locus of poles from XKX_{K}.

(3.2.2) It will often be useful to interpret the weight function in terms of logarithmic differential forms. Let ๐’ด\mathscr{Y} be a regular separated RR-scheme of finite type such that ๐’ดk\mathscr{Y}_{k} is a divisor with strict normal crossings. We write S+S^{+} for the log scheme associated to Rโˆ–{0}โ†’RR\setminus\{0\}\to R and ๐’ด+\mathscr{Y}^{+} for the log scheme obtained by endowing ๐’ด\mathscr{Y} with the divisorial log structure associated to ๐’ดk\mathscr{Y}_{k}. Then ๐’ด+\mathscr{Y}^{+} is log smooth over S+S^{+}. If we denote by j:๐’ดKโ†’๐’ดj:\mathscr{Y}_{K}\to\mathscr{Y} the natural open immersion, then a simple computation shows that the sub-๐’ช๐’ด\mathcal{O}_{\mathscr{Y}}-module ฯ‰๐’ด+/S+\omega_{\mathscr{Y}^{+}/S^{+}} of jโˆ—โ€‹ฯ‰๐’ดK/Kj_{*}\omega_{\mathscr{Y}_{K}/K} is equal to ฯ‰๐’ด/Rโ€‹((๐’ดk)redโˆ’๐’ดk)\omega_{\mathscr{Y}/R}((\mathscr{Y}_{k})_{\mathrm{red}}-\mathscr{Y}_{k}) (it suffices to check that these line bundles coincide at the generic points of the special fiber ๐’ดk\mathscr{Y}_{k}). Thus if ฯ‰\omega is an mm-pluricanonical form on XKX_{K} and ๐’ณ\mathscr{X} is an sโ€‹nโ€‹csnc-model of XX over ๐’ž\mathscr{C}, then

wtฯ‰โ€‹(x)=vxโ€‹(div๐’ณ+โ€‹(ฯ‰))+m\mathrm{wt}_{\omega}(x)=v_{x}(\mathrm{div}_{\mathscr{X}^{+}}(\omega))+m

for every point xx of Skโก(๐’ณ)\mathrm{Sk}(\mathscr{X}), where we denote by div๐’ณ+โ€‹(ฯ‰)\mathrm{div}_{\mathscr{X}^{+}}(\omega) the divisor on ๐’ณR\mathscr{X}_{R} associated to ฯ‰\omega viewed as a rational section of the line bundle ฯ‰๐’ณR+/S+โŠ—m\omega^{\otimes m}_{\mathscr{X}^{+}_{R}/S^{+}}.

Lemma 3.2.3.

Let ๐’ณ\mathscr{X} be a dโ€‹lโ€‹tdlt-model of XX and let h:๐’ดโ†’๐’ณh:\mathscr{Y}\to\mathscr{X} be a log resolution of (๐’ณ,๐’ณs)(\mathscr{X},\mathscr{X}_{s}). Denote by ฮ”\Delta the log pullback of (๐’ณs)red(\mathscr{X}_{s})_{\mathrm{red}} to ๐’ด\mathscr{Y}. Let xx be a point of Skโก(๐’ด)\mathrm{Sk}(\mathscr{Y}) such that red๐’ณโ€‹(x)\mathrm{red}_{\mathscr{X}}(x) does not lie in ๐’ณsnc\mathscr{X}^{\mathrm{snc}}. Then ฮ”<(๐’ดs)red\Delta<(\mathscr{Y}_{s})_{\mathrm{red}} locally at red๐’ดโ€‹(x)\mathrm{red}_{\mathscr{Y}}(x).

Proof.

By the definition of a dโ€‹lโ€‹tdlt-model, we know that ฮ”โ‰ค(๐’ดs)red\Delta\leq(\mathscr{Y}_{s})_{\mathrm{red}}. Thus it suffices to show that these divisors are different locally at red๐’ดโ€‹(x)\mathrm{red}_{\mathscr{Y}}(x). Since xx lies on Skโก(๐’ด)\mathrm{Sk}(\mathscr{Y}), its reduction red๐’ดโ€‹(x)\mathrm{red}_{\mathscr{Y}}(x) is a generic point of the intersection of the irreducible components of ๐’ดs\mathscr{Y}_{s} that contain red๐’ดโ€‹(x)\mathrm{red}_{\mathscr{Y}}(x). Thus if we denote by hโ€ฒ:๐’ดโ€ฒโ†’๐’ดh^{\prime}:\mathscr{Y}^{\prime}\to\mathscr{Y} the blow-up of ๐’ด\mathscr{Y} at the closure of red๐’ดโ€‹(x)\mathrm{red}_{\mathscr{Y}}(x), then ๐’ดโ€ฒ\mathscr{Y}^{\prime} is again an sโ€‹nโ€‹csnc-model of XX.

We denote by ฮ”โ€ฒ\Delta^{\prime} the log pullback of ฮ”\Delta to ๐’ดโ€ฒ\mathscr{Y}^{\prime}. The image of the exceptional divisor EE of hโ€ฒh^{\prime} in ๐’ณ\mathscr{X} is the closure of red๐’ณโ€‹(x)=hโก(red๐’ดโ€‹(x))\mathrm{red}_{\mathscr{X}}(x)=h(\mathrm{red}_{\mathscr{Y}}(x)) and thus disjoint from ๐’ณsnc\mathscr{X}^{\mathrm{snc}}. By the definition of a dโ€‹lโ€‹tdlt-model, we know that the multiplicity of EE in ฮ”โ€ฒ\Delta^{\prime} is strictly smaller than 11. Since the log pullback of (๐’ดs)red(\mathscr{Y}_{s})_{\mathrm{red}} to ๐’ดโ€ฒ\mathscr{Y}^{\prime} is equal to (๐’ดsโ€ฒ)red(\mathscr{Y}^{\prime}_{s})_{\mathrm{red}}, we see that ฮ”<(๐’ดs)red\Delta<(\mathscr{Y}_{s})_{\mathrm{red}} locally at red๐’ดโ€‹(x)\mathrm{red}_{\mathscr{Y}}(x). โˆŽ

Proposition 3.2.4.

Let ๐’ณ\mathscr{X} be a dโ€‹lโ€‹tdlt-model of XX over ๐’ž\mathscr{C}, let ๐’ด\mathscr{Y} be a proper sโ€‹nโ€‹csnc-model of XX over ๐’ž\mathscr{C} and let h:๐’ดโ†’๐’ณh:\mathscr{Y}\to\mathscr{X} be a morphism of ๐’ž\mathscr{C}-models. Denote by ฮ”\Delta the log pullback of (๐’ณs)red(\mathscr{X}_{s})_{\mathrm{red}} to ๐’ด\mathscr{Y}. If we set

S={xโˆˆSkโก(๐’ด)|vxโ€‹(ฮ”)=vxโ€‹((๐’ดs)red)}S=\{x\in\mathrm{Sk}(\mathscr{Y})\,|\,v_{x}(\Delta)=v_{x}((\mathscr{Y}_{s})_{\mathrm{red}})\}

then Skโก(๐’ณ)=S\mathrm{Sk}(\mathscr{X})=S.

Proof.

Applying [MN13, 3.1.7] to the proper morphism hโˆ’1โ€‹(๐’ณsnc)โ†’๐’ณsnch^{-1}(\mathscr{X}^{\mathrm{snc}})\to\mathscr{X}^{\mathrm{snc}}, we see that Skโก(๐’ณ)\mathrm{Sk}(\mathscr{X}) is contained in Skโก(๐’ด)\mathrm{Sk}(\mathscr{Y}). Moreover, it follows from Lemma 3.2.3 that for every point xx of SS, the reduction red๐’ณโ€‹(x)\mathrm{red}_{\mathscr{X}}(x) must be contained in ๐’ณsnc\mathscr{X}^{\mathrm{snc}}. Now let xx be any point in Skโก(๐’ด)\mathrm{Sk}(\mathscr{Y}) such that red๐’ณโ€‹(x)\mathrm{red}_{\mathscr{X}}(x) lies in ๐’ณsnc\mathscr{X}^{\mathrm{snc}}. We must show that vxโ€‹(ฮ”)=vxโ€‹((๐’ดs)red)v_{x}(\Delta)=v_{x}((\mathscr{Y}_{s})_{\mathrm{red}}) if and only if xx lies in Skโก(๐’ณ)\mathrm{Sk}(\mathscr{X}), or, equivalently, xx is equal to its projection

xโ€ฒ=ฯ๐’ณโ€‹(x)x^{\prime}=\rho_{\mathscr{X}}(x)

to the skeleton of ๐’ณ\mathscr{X}. Let ฯ‰\omega be a local generator of ฯ‰๐’ณsnc/๐’ž\omega_{\mathscr{X}^{\mathrm{snc}}/\mathscr{C}} at red๐’ณโ€‹(x)\mathrm{red}_{\mathscr{X}}(x). It induces a rational section of the canonical bundle ฯ‰XK/K\omega_{X_{K}/K} by base change. By [MN13, 4.4.5], we know that x=xโ€ฒx=x^{\prime} if and only if

wtฯ‰โ€‹(x)=wtฯ‰โ€‹(xโ€ฒ).\mathrm{wt}_{\omega}(x)=\mathrm{wt}_{\omega}(x^{\prime}).

Since the divisor of ฯ‰\omega is zero in a neighbourhood of red๐’ณโ€‹(xโ€ฒ)\mathrm{red}_{\mathscr{X}}(x^{\prime}), we have

wtฯ‰โ€‹(xโ€ฒ)=vxโ€ฒโ€‹((๐’ณs)red)=vxโ€‹((๐’ณs)red).\mathrm{wt}_{\omega}(x^{\prime})=v_{x^{\prime}}((\mathscr{X}_{s})_{\mathrm{red}})=v_{x}((\mathscr{X}_{s})_{\mathrm{red}}).

On the other hand, computing wtฯ‰โ€‹(x)\mathrm{wt}_{\omega}(x) on the model ๐’ด\mathscr{Y} we get

wtฯ‰โ€‹(x)=vxโ€‹(div๐’ดโ€‹(ฯ‰)+(๐’ดs)red)=vxโ€‹((๐’ณs)red)+vxโ€‹((๐’ดs)redโˆ’ฮ”).\mathrm{wt}_{\omega}(x)=v_{x}(\mathrm{div}_{\mathscr{Y}}(\omega)+(\mathscr{Y}_{s})_{\mathrm{red}})=v_{x}((\mathscr{X}_{s})_{\mathrm{red}})+v_{x}((\mathscr{Y}_{s})_{\mathrm{red}}-\Delta).

Thus we see that Skโก(๐’ณ)=S\mathrm{Sk}(\mathscr{X})=S. โˆŽ

Corollary 3.2.5.

Let ๐’ณ1\mathscr{X}_{1} and ๐’ณ2\mathscr{X}_{2} be two dโ€‹lโ€‹tdlt-models of XX over ๐’ž\mathscr{C}. If ๐’ณ1\mathscr{X}_{1} and ๐’ณ2\mathscr{X}_{2} are crepant birational, then Skโก(๐’ณ1)=Skโก(๐’ณ2)\mathrm{Sk}(\mathscr{X}_{1})=\mathrm{Sk}(\mathscr{X}_{2}).

Proof.

This follows immediately from Proposition 3.2.4. โˆŽ

(3.2.6) Corollary 3.2.5 implies, in particular, that the skeleta Skโก(๐’ณ1)=Skโก(๐’ณ2)\mathrm{Sk}(\mathscr{X}_{1})=\mathrm{Sk}(\mathscr{X}_{2}) are isomorphic as topological spaces with piecewise affine structure, by [MN13, ยง3.2]. Since Skโก(๐’ณi)\mathrm{Sk}(\mathscr{X}_{i}) is canonically homeomorphic to the dual complex associated to the reduced special fiber of ๐’ณi\mathscr{X}_{i}, for i=1,2i=1,2, this also follows from Proposition 11 in [dFKX12], whose proof relies on Weak Factorization. The proofs of Corollary 3.2.5 and [MN13, ยง3.2] do not use Weak Factorization.

Corollary 3.2.7.

If KXK_{X} is semi-ample, then the skeleton of a good minimal dโ€‹lโ€‹tdlt-model of XX does not depend on the choice of the good minimal dโ€‹lโ€‹tdlt-model.

Proof.

This follows from Theorem 2.2.6(2) and Corollary 3.2.5. โˆŽ

Theorem 3.2.8.

Assume that KXK_{X} is semi-ample over CC. If ๐’ณ\mathscr{X} is a good minimal dโ€‹lโ€‹tdlt-model of XX and ๐’ด\mathscr{Y} is any dโ€‹lโ€‹tdlt-model of XX, then Skโก(๐’ณ)\mathrm{Sk}(\mathscr{X}) is contained in Skโก(๐’ด)\mathrm{Sk}(\mathscr{Y}). Moreover, Skโก(๐’ณ)\mathrm{Sk}(\mathscr{X}) can be obtained from Skโก(๐’ด)\mathrm{Sk}(\mathscr{Y}) (as a topological subspace of Skโก(๐’ด)\mathrm{Sk}(\mathscr{Y}) with piecewise affine structure) by a finite number of elementary collapses.

Proof.

For the definition of an elementary collapse in a simplicial topological space, we refer to Definition 18 in [dFKX12]. By Corollary 3.2.7, we can assume that the good minimal dโ€‹lโ€‹tdlt-model ๐’ณ\mathscr{X} is the result of running MMP for (๐’ด,(๐’ดs)red)(\mathscr{Y},(\mathscr{Y}_{s})_{\mathrm{red}}). Now the statement follows from Corollary 22 in [dFKX12]. When kk is not algebraically closed, see also ยง31 in [dFKX12]. โˆŽ

Corollary 3.2.9.

If ๐’ณ\mathscr{X} is a good minimal dโ€‹lโ€‹tdlt-model of XX, then Skโก(๐’ณ)\mathrm{Sk}(\mathscr{X}) is a strong deformation retract of XKanX_{K}^{\mathrm{an}}.

Proof.

Let ๐’ดโ†’๐’ณ\mathscr{Y}\to\mathscr{X} be a log resolution of (๐’ณ,๐’ณs)(\mathscr{X},\mathscr{X}_{s}). By Theorem 3.2.8, the skeleton Skโก(๐’ณ)\mathrm{Sk}(\mathscr{X}) is a strong deformation retract of Skโก(๐’ด)\mathrm{Sk}(\mathscr{Y}). By Theorem 3.1.3, Skโก(๐’ด)\mathrm{Sk}(\mathscr{Y}) is a strong deformation retract of XKanX_{K}^{\mathrm{an}}. โˆŽ

3.3. Kontsevich-Soibelman skeleta

(3.3.1) In [MN13, ยง4.5], Mustaลฃฤƒ and the first-named author associated to every non-zero regular pluricanonical form ฯ‰\omega on XKX_{K} a skeleton Skโก(XK,ฯ‰)\mathrm{Sk}(X_{K},\omega) in XKanX_{K}^{\mathrm{an}}, generalizing a construction of Kontsevich and Soibelman [KS06]. The skeleton Skโก(XK,ฯ‰)\mathrm{Sk}(X_{K},\omega) is precisely the locus of points of XKanX_{K}^{\mathrm{an}} where the weight function wtฯ‰\mathrm{wt}_{\omega} reaches its minimal value. If ๐’ณ\mathscr{X} is any sโ€‹nโ€‹csnc-model of XX over ๐’ž\mathscr{C}, then Skโก(XK,ฯ‰)\mathrm{Sk}(X_{K},\omega) is a union of closed faces of Skโก(๐’ณ)\mathrm{Sk}(\mathscr{X}), which can be explicitly computed [MN13, 4.5.5]. Taking the union of the skeleta Skโก(XK,ฯ‰)\mathrm{Sk}(X_{K},\omega) over all non-zero pluricanonical forms ฯ‰\omega on XKX_{K}, one obtains a topological subspace Skโก(XK)\mathrm{Sk}(X_{K}) of XKanX_{K}^{\mathrm{an}} that was called the essential skeleton of XKX_{K} in [MN13, 4.6.2]. It is an interesting birational invariant of XKX_{K}. In this subsection, we will compare the essential skeleton to the skeleton of a good minimal dโ€‹lโ€‹tdlt-model of XX.

Proposition 3.3.2.

Assume that KXK_{X} is semi-ample over CC and let ๐’ณ\mathscr{X} be a dโ€‹lโ€‹tdlt-model of XX. For every integer m>0m>0 and every non-zero mm-pluricanonical form ฯ‰\omega on XKX_{K}, we have

Skโก(XK,ฯ‰)โŠ‚Skโก(๐’ณ).\mathrm{Sk}(X_{K},\omega)\subset\mathrm{Sk}(\mathscr{X}).
Proof.

Let xx be a point of Skโก(XK,ฯ‰)\mathrm{Sk}(X_{K},\omega). If red๐’ณโ€‹(x)\mathrm{red}_{\mathscr{X}}(x) is contained in ๐’ณsnc\mathscr{X}^{\mathrm{snc}}, then xx lies in ๐’ณ^ฮท\widehat{\mathscr{X}}_{\eta} and [MN13, 4.4.5] implies that xx must lie in Skโก(๐’ณ)\mathrm{Sk}(\mathscr{X}), since the restriction of wtฯ‰\mathrm{wt}_{\omega} to ๐’ณ^ฮท\widehat{\mathscr{X}}_{\eta} can reach its minimal values only at points of Skโก(๐’ณ)\mathrm{Sk}(\mathscr{X}).

Now suppose that red๐’ณโ€‹(x)\mathrm{red}_{\mathscr{X}}(x) is not contained in ๐’ณsnc\mathscr{X}^{\mathrm{snc}}. We will deduce a contradiction with the assumption that xx belongs to Skโก(XK,ฯ‰)\mathrm{Sk}(X_{K},\omega). Let EE be an irreducible component of ๐’ณssnc\mathscr{X}^{\mathrm{snc}}_{s} whose closure contains red๐’ณโ€‹(x)\mathrm{red}_{\mathscr{X}}(x), let ฮพ\xi be the generic point of EE and denote by xโ€ฒx^{\prime} the unique point in red๐’ณโˆ’1โ€‹(ฮพ)\mathrm{red}_{\mathscr{X}}^{-1}(\xi). We will prove that wtฯ‰โ€‹(xโ€ฒ)<wtฯ‰โ€‹(x)\mathrm{wt}_{\omega}(x^{\prime})<\mathrm{wt}_{\omega}(x). Then xx cannot belong to the locus Skโก(XK,ฯ‰)\mathrm{Sk}(X_{K},\omega) where wtฯ‰\mathrm{wt}_{\omega} reaches its minimal value. Note that, since ๐’ณ\mathscr{X} is โ„š\mathbb{Q}-factorial, we have

(3.3.3) |fโก(xโ€ฒ)|โ‰ฅ|fโก(x)||f(x^{\prime})|\geq|f(x)|

for every element ff of the local ring of ๐’ณ\mathscr{X} at xx.

Replacing ฯ‰\omega by its dd-fold tensor power ฯ‰โŠ—d\omega^{\otimes d}, with dd a positive integer, has no influence on the skeleton Skโก(XK,ฯ‰)\mathrm{Sk}(X_{K},\omega). Thus we may assume that the divisor

mโ€‹K๐’ณ+mโ€‹(๐’ณs)redmK_{\mathscr{X}}+m(\mathscr{X}_{s})_{\mathrm{red}}

is Cartier on ๐’ณ\mathscr{X} and we denote by โ„’\mathcal{L} the associated line bundle. We choose a local generator ฮธ\theta of โ„’\mathcal{L} at the point red๐’ณโ€‹(x)\mathrm{red}_{\mathscr{X}}(x). Note that the pullback of โ„’\mathcal{L} to the regular locus ๐’ณRreg\mathscr{X}^{\mathrm{reg}}_{R} of ๐’ณR\mathscr{X}_{R} is isomorphic to

ฯ‰๐’ณRreg/Rโ€‹((๐’ณsreg)red)โŠ—m.\omega_{\mathscr{X}^{\mathrm{reg}}_{R}/R}((\mathscr{X}^{\mathrm{reg}}_{s})_{\mathrm{red}})^{\otimes m}.

We fix such an isomorphism. Then we can view ฯ‰\omega as a rational section of โ„’\mathcal{L} and write ฯ‰=gโ€‹ฮธ\omega=g\theta locally at red๐’ณโ€‹(x)\mathrm{red}_{\mathscr{X}}(x), with gg an element of

๐’ช๐’ณR,red๐’ณโ€‹(x)โŠ—RK.\mathcal{O}_{\mathscr{X}_{R},\mathrm{red}_{\mathscr{X}}(x)}\otimes_{R}K.

Then wtฯ‰โ€‹(xโ€ฒ)=โˆ’lnโก|gโก(xโ€ฒ)|\mathrm{wt}_{\omega}(x^{\prime})=-\ln|g(x^{\prime})|. By (3.3.3), it is enough to show that

wtฯ‰โ€‹(x)>โˆ’lnโก|gโก(x)|.\mathrm{wt}_{\omega}(x)>-\ln|g(x)|.

Let h:๐’ดโ†’๐’ณh:\mathscr{Y}\to\mathscr{X} be a log-resolution of (๐’ณ,๐’ณs)(\mathscr{X},\mathscr{X}_{s}). Then Skโก(XK,ฯ‰)\mathrm{Sk}(X_{K},\omega) is contained in Skโก(๐’ด)\mathrm{Sk}(\mathscr{Y}). We denote by ฮ”\Delta the log pullback of (๐’ณs)red(\mathscr{X}_{s})_{\mathrm{red}} to ๐’ด\mathscr{Y}. Locally at red๐’ดโ€‹(x)\mathrm{red}_{\mathscr{Y}}(x), it is explicitly given by

1mโ€‹(divโก(hโˆ—โ€‹g)โˆ’div๐’ดโ€‹(ฯ‰)).\frac{1}{m}(\mathrm{div}(h^{*}g)-\mathrm{div}_{\mathscr{Y}}(\omega)).

Since ๐’ณ\mathscr{X} is a dโ€‹lโ€‹tdlt-model and red๐’ณโ€‹(x)\mathrm{red}_{\mathscr{X}}(x) does not belong to ๐’ณsnc\mathscr{X}^{\mathrm{snc}}, we know that ฮ”<(๐’ดs)red\Delta<(\mathscr{Y}_{s})_{\mathrm{red}} locally around red๐’ดโ€‹(x)\mathrm{red}_{\mathscr{Y}}(x) by Lemma 3.2.3. Therefore, we can write

wtฯ‰โ€‹(x)\displaystyle\mathrm{wt}_{\omega}(x) =\displaystyle= vxโ€‹(div๐’ดโ€‹(ฯ‰)+mโ€‹(๐’ดs)red)\displaystyle v_{x}(\mathrm{div}_{\mathscr{Y}}(\omega)+m(\mathscr{Y}_{s})_{\mathrm{red}})
>\displaystyle> vxโ€‹(div๐’ดโ€‹(ฯ‰)+mโ€‹ฮ”)\displaystyle v_{x}(\mathrm{div}_{\mathscr{Y}}(\omega)+m\Delta)
=\displaystyle= โˆ’lnโก|gโก(x)|.\displaystyle-\ln|g(x)|.

โˆŽ

Theorem 3.3.4.

If KXK_{X} is semi-ample over CC and ๐’ณ\mathscr{X} is a good minimal dโ€‹lโ€‹tdlt-model of XX over ๐’ž\mathscr{C}, then

Skโก(XK)=Skโก(๐’ณ).\mathrm{Sk}(X_{K})=\mathrm{Sk}(\mathscr{X}).

Moreover, if mm is a positive integer such that mโ€‹K๐’ณ+mโ€‹(๐’ณs)redmK_{\mathscr{X}}+m(\mathscr{X}_{s})_{\mathrm{red}} is Cartier and generated by global sections ฯ‰1,โ€ฆ,ฯ‰r\omega_{1},\ldots,\omega_{r} over some neighbourhood of ss in ๐’ž\mathscr{C}, then

(3.3.5) Skโก(XK)=โ‹ƒi=1rSkโก(XK,ฯ‰i).\mathrm{Sk}(X_{K})=\bigcup_{i=1}^{r}\mathrm{Sk}(X_{K},\omega_{i}).
Proof.

By Proposition 3.3.2, it is enough to show that Skโก(๐’ณ)\mathrm{Sk}(\mathscr{X}) is contained in the right hand side of (3.3.5). Shrinking ๐’ž\mathscr{C} around ss if necessary, we can assume that mโ€‹K๐’ณ+mโ€‹(๐’ณs)redmK_{\mathscr{X}}+m(\mathscr{X}_{s})_{\mathrm{red}} is generated by global sections ฯ‰1,โ€ฆ,ฯ‰r\omega_{1},\ldots,\omega_{r}. Then for each point xx on ๐’ณssnc\mathscr{X}^{\mathrm{snc}}_{s}, we can choose an index ii in {1,โ€ฆ,r}\{1,\ldots,r\} such that div๐’ณsncโ€‹(ฯ‰i)+mโ€‹(๐’ณs)red\mathrm{div}_{\mathscr{X}^{\mathrm{snc}}}(\omega_{i})+m(\mathscr{X}_{s})_{\mathrm{red}} is an effective divisor on ๐’ณ\mathscr{X} and xx is not contained in its support. This implies that the weight wtฯ‰i\mathrm{wt}_{\omega_{i}} of ฯ‰i\omega_{i} is zero at all points of Skโก(๐’ณ)โˆฉred๐’ณโˆ’1โ€‹(x)\mathrm{Sk}(\mathscr{X})\cap\mathrm{red}_{\mathscr{X}}^{-1}(x) and non-negative at all other points of XKanX^{\mathrm{an}}_{K}. Thus Skโก(๐’ณ)โˆฉred๐’ณโˆ’1โ€‹(x)\mathrm{Sk}(\mathscr{X})\cap\mathrm{red}_{\mathscr{X}}^{-1}(x) is contained in Skโก(XK,ฯ‰i)\mathrm{Sk}(X_{K},\omega_{i}). Varying the point xx, we find that Skโก(๐’ณ)\mathrm{Sk}(\mathscr{X}) is contained in

โ‹ƒi=1rSkโก(XK,ฯ‰i).\bigcup_{i=1}^{r}\mathrm{Sk}(X_{K},\omega_{i}).

โˆŽ

Corollary 3.3.6.

If KXK_{X} is semi-ample over CC, then the essential skeleton Skโก(X)\mathrm{Sk}(X) is a strong deformation retract of XKanX^{\mathrm{an}}_{K}.

Proof.

This follows from Theorem 2.2.6(1), Corollary 3.2.9 and Theorem 3.3.4. โˆŽ

Original mathematics by the credited authors. Source-backed reader collection; mathematical self-containment is not assessed.