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Example 6.25 (Normal form of cylindrical type) . [04L0]

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Example 6.25 (Normal form of cylindrical type).

Let (U,Γ)(U,\Gamma) be a pair of subsets of ℝ2×ℝ\mathbb{R}^{2}\times\mathbb{R} diffeomorphic to (D2×D1,D1×D1)(D^{2}\times D^{1},D^{1}\times D^{1}) with Γ=U∩{b1=0}\Gamma=U\cap\{b_{1}=0\}. Let Δ={b1=b2=0}\Delta=\{b_{1}=b_{2}=0\}. Given H∈C∞​(U)H\in C^{\infty}(U) denote by HΔH_{\Delta} the germ of HH along Δ\Delta. Consider the integral lattice ΛH\Lambda_{H} in T∗​UT^{\ast}U generated by:

λ1=2​π​d​b1,λ2=d​H+arg⁡(b1+i​b2)​d​b1+log⁡|b1+i​b2|​d​b2,λ3=d​b3.\begin{array}[]{l}\lambda_{1}=2\pi db_{1},\\ \lambda_{2}=dH+\arg(b_{1}+ib_{2})db_{1}+\log|b_{1}+ib_{2}|db_{2},\\ \lambda_{3}=db_{3}.\end{array} (64)

Let (y1,y2,y3)(y_{1},y_{2},y_{3}) denote the locally defined vertical coordinates on T∗​UT^{*}U, which it is convenient to think of as ΛH\Lambda_{H}-periodic coordinates. For fixed positive L∈ℝL\in\mathbb{R} consider the following subset of T∗​UT^{*}U:

CL={|y2|<L}C_{L}=\{|y_{2}|<L\} (65)

and denote CL​(b)=Tb∗​U∩CLC_{L}(b)=T^{*}_{b}U\cap C_{L}. If UU is a sufficiently small neighborhood of Δ\Delta, we can assume that for every b∈Ub\in U, 2​L<|log⁡|b|+∂b2H|2L<|\log|b|+\partial_{b_{2}}H|. Therefore the projection Tb∗​U→Tb∗​U/ΛHT^{*}_{b}U\rightarrow T^{*}_{b}U/\Lambda_{H} maps CL​(b)C_{L}(b) to a cylinder which closes up in the y1y_{1} and y3y_{3} direction but not in the y2y_{2} direction. So let us think of CL​(b)C_{L}(b) as this cylinder and define JL∘=⨆b∈UCL​(b)J^{\circ}_{L}=\bigsqcup_{b\in U}C_{L}(b), which is an open subset of Tb∗​U/ΛHT^{*}_{b}U/\Lambda_{H}. The projection π\pi restricts to an open cylinder fibration:

π∘:JL∘→U.\pi^{\circ}:J^{\circ}_{L}\rightarrow U.

Clearly there is an S1S^{1} action on JL∘J^{\circ}_{L} induced by λ1\lambda_{1}, whose moment map is b1b_{1}. Let ZL∘=(π∘)−1​(Γ)Z^{\circ}_{L}=(\pi^{\circ})^{-1}(\Gamma) and let Z¯L∘\bar{Z}^{\circ}_{L} be the corresponding S1S^{1} reduced space. Let π¯∘:Z¯L∘→Γ\bar{\pi}^{\circ}:\bar{Z}_{L}^{\circ}\rightarrow\Gamma be the reduced fibration. We denote the fibre of π¯∘\bar{\pi}^{\circ} by C¯L​(b)\bar{C}_{L}(b).

For L′<LL^{\prime}<L, construct JL′∘J^{\circ}_{L^{\prime}}, which is a cylinder fibration with shorter cylinders, and define its closure KL′=JL′∘¯K_{L^{\prime}}=\overline{J^{\circ}_{L^{\prime}}}. Define the open set EL,L′=JL∘−KL′E_{L,L^{\prime}}=J^{\circ}_{L}-K_{L^{\prime}}, which we can think of as the union of the ends of the cylinders. Suppose now that we have an open neighborhood VV of ZL∘Z^{\circ}_{L} and a smooth S1S^{1} invariant Lagrangian submersion u:V→ℝ3u:V\rightarrow\mathbb{R}^{3} with cylindrical fibres satisfying: u|ZL∘=π∘u|_{Z^{\circ}_{L}}=\pi^{\circ}, u|EL,L′=π∘u|_{E_{L,L^{\prime}}}=\pi^{\circ} and u1=b1u_{1}=b_{1}. Then we can define YL+=(π∘)−1​(U+)Y^{+}_{L}=(\pi^{\circ})^{-1}(U^{+}), YL=YL+∪VY_{L}=Y^{+}_{L}\cup V, YL−=YL∩(π∘)−1​(U−)Y^{-}_{L}=Y_{L}\cap(\pi^{\circ})^{-1}(U^{-}) and the piecewise smooth function fu∘:YL→Bu⊆ℝnf^{\circ}_{u}:Y_{L}\rightarrow B_{u}\subseteq\mathbb{R}^{n} to be the map

fu∘={π∘on​YL+,uon​YL−.f^{\circ}_{u}=\begin{cases}\pi^{\circ}\quad\text{on}\ Y^{+}_{L},\\ u\quad\text{on}\ Y^{-}_{L}.\end{cases} (66)

Clearly, if we think of YLY_{L} as playing the role of X∘X^{\circ}, fu∘:YL→Buf^{\circ}_{u}:Y_{L}\rightarrow B_{u} is a Lagrangian fibration of type (62). Notice that the fibres of fu∘f^{\circ}_{u} coincide with the fibres of π∘\pi^{\circ} inside EL,L′E_{L,L^{\prime}}, in particular fu∘f^{\circ}_{u} is smooth restricted to EL,L′E_{L,L^{\prime}}. In some sense, the fibres of fuf_{u} are straight towards their ends (cf. Figure 11).

We now compactify by adding the singularities. Let JH#=T∗​U/ΛHJ_{H}^{\#}=T^{\ast}U/\penalty\Lambda_{H} and let π#:JH#→U\pi^{\#}:J^{\#}_{H}\rightarrow U be the Lagrangian fibration induced by the standard projection on T∗​UT^{\ast}U. Clearly JL∘J^{\circ}_{L} and therefore YLY_{L} are open subsets of JH#J_{H}^{\#}. When b∈Δb\in\Delta, the fibre C⁡(b)=(π#)−1​(b)C(b)=(\pi^{\#})^{-1}(b) is an open cylinder, with ends at +∞+\infty and −∞-\infty in the y2y_{2}-direction, otherwise C⁡(b)C(b) is a torus. From the results in [1], JH#J_{H}^{\#} can be compactified to a symplectic manifold XX by adding the singularity at the ends of the cylinders C⁡(b)C(b) when b∈Δb\in\Delta. The fibration π#\pi^{\#} extends to a smooth fibration fH:X→Uf_{H}:X\rightarrow U of generic-singular type. The open subset JH#−KL′J^{\#}_{H}-K_{L^{\prime}} extends to an open neighborhood EE of the singular set Σ\Sigma. The fibres of fu∘f^{\circ}_{u} coincide with the fibres of fHf_{H} toward their ends and therefore fu∘f^{\circ}_{u} may be extended to make it coincide with fHf_{H} on EE. More precisely, define 𝔘=fH−1​(Bu)∩E\mathfrak{U}=f^{-1}_{H}(B_{u})\cap E and Y=YL∪𝔘Y=Y_{L}\cup\mathfrak{U}. Now we can define

fu,H={fHon​𝔘,fu∘on​YL.f_{u,H}=\begin{cases}f_{H}\quad\text{on}\ \mathfrak{U},\\ f^{\circ}_{u}\quad\text{on}\ Y_{L}.\end{cases} (67)

Clearly fu,H:Y→Buf_{u,H}:Y\rightarrow B_{u} is a well defined Lagrangian fibration satisfying Assumption 6.22. The zero section σ0\sigma_{0} of π∘\pi^{\circ} is, perhaps after a change of coordinates in the base, a section of fuf_{u}. If Fb¯F_{\bar{b}} is a smooth fibre of fu,Hf_{u,H}, with b¯∈U+\bar{b}\in U^{+}, let γ0\gamma_{0} be the basis of H1​(Fb¯,ℤ)H_{1}(F_{\bar{b}},\mathbb{Z}) determined by λ1,λ2,λ3\lambda_{1},\lambda_{2},\lambda_{3}. We call ℱu,H=(Y,fH,u,σ0,γ0)\mathcal{F}_{u,H}=(Y,f_{H,u},\sigma_{0},\gamma_{0}) a normal form of cylindrical type.

The set YL⊂JH#Y_{L}\subset J^{\#}_{H} can be visualized in Figure 11 as the square with open top and bottom. The straight light-colored lines are the fibres of π#\pi^{\#} and the fibres of fu∘:YL→Buf^{\circ}_{u}:Y_{L}\rightarrow B_{u} are depicted as dark lines. The upper and lower rectangular regions represent the components of EL,L′E_{L,L^{\prime}}.

Y L + Y L -
Figure 11: Normal form of cylindrical type.

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