ScalingStacks

6.2 Writing the fibrations of § 4 and § 5 in this form [03LM]

Original official author HTML, exact retained edition. Historical TeX conversion verdicts remain unchanged. Cited-edition alignment and mathematical self-containment are not assessed.

Complete original source context · Original author HTML

6.2 Writing the fibrations of §4 and §5 in this form

In Corollary 4.2 and Theorems 5.2 and 5.4 we defined examples of special Lagrangian fibrations f:ℂ3→ℝ3f:\mathbin{\mathbb{C}}^{3}\rightarrow\mathbin{\mathbb{R}}^{3}. We shall now show that each fibre f−1​(a,b,c)f^{-1}(a,b,c) of these fibrations may be written in the form (30). For Corollary 4.2 this is trivial:

Lemma 6.6

Let f:ℂ3→ℝ3f:\mathbin{\mathbb{C}}^{3}\rightarrow\mathbin{\mathbb{R}}^{3} be the special Lagrangian fibration of Corollary 4.2. Then each fibre f−1​(a,b,c)f^{-1}(a,b,c) may be written in the form (30), with u≡bu\equiv b and v≡cv\equiv c.

Next we show that the fibres f−1​(a,b,c)=Na,b+i​cf^{-1}(a,b,c)=N_{a,b+ic} of the fibration ff of Theorem 5.2 may be written in the form (30).

Proposition 6.7

Let a,b,c∈ℝa,b,c\in\mathbin{\mathbb{R}}. Then there exist unique functions u,v:ℝ2→ℝu,v:\mathbin{\mathbb{R}}^{2}\rightarrow\mathbin{\mathbb{R}} such that

N={(z1,z2,z3)∈ℂ3:Re(z1z2)=u(Re(z3),Im(z1z2)),Im(z3)=v(Re(z3),Im(z1z2)),|z1|2−|z2|2=a}\begin{split}N=\Bigl\{(z_{1}&,z_{2},z_{3})\in\mathbin{\mathbb{C}}^{3}:\mathop{\rm Re}(z_{1}z_{2})=u\bigl(\mathop{\rm Re}(z_{3}),\mathop{\rm Im}(z_{1}z_{2})\bigr),\\ &\mathop{\rm Im}(z_{3})=v\bigl(\mathop{\rm Re}(z_{3}),\mathop{\rm Im}(z_{1}z_{2})\bigr),\quad|z_{1}|^{2}-|z_{2}|^{2}=a\Bigr\}\end{split} (40)

is the special Lagrangian 33-fold Na,b+i​cN_{a,b+ic} of Definition 5. Furthermore:

  • (a)

    u,vu,v are smooth on ℝ2\mathbin{\mathbb{R}}^{2} and satisfy (33), except at (b,0)(b,0) when a=0a=0, where they are only continuous.

  • (b)

    u⁡(x,y)>0u(x,y)>0 when x>bx>b for all yy, and u⁡(b,y)=0u(b,y)=0 for all yy, and u⁡(x,y)<0u(x,y)<0 when x<bx<b for all yy.

  • (c)

    v⁡(x,y)<cv(x,y)<c when y>0y>0 for all xx, and v⁡(x,0)=cv(x,0)=c for all xx, and v⁡(x,y)>cv(x,y)>c when y<0y<0 for all xx.

  • (d)

    u⁡(x,0)=(x−b)​((x−b)2+|a|)1/2u(x,0)=(x-b)\bigl((x-b)^{2}+|a|\bigr)^{1/2} for all xx.

  • (e)

    v(b,y)=c−y(12|a|+y2+14​a2)−1/2v(b,y)=c-y\Bigl(\frac{1}{2}|a|+\sqrt{y^{2}+\frac{1}{4}a^{2}}\,\,\Bigr)^{-1/2} for all yy.

Proof. For simplicity, we first consider the case a=0a=0. Let N0,b+i​cN_{0,b+ic} be as in (21), let (z1,z2,z3)∈N0,b+i​c(z_{1},z_{2},z_{3})\in N_{0,b+ic}, and set

x=Re(z3),y=Im(z1z2),u=Re(z1z2)andv=Imz3.x=\mathop{\rm Re}(z_{3}),\quad y=\mathop{\rm Im}(z_{1}z_{2}),\quad u=\mathop{\rm Re}(z_{1}z_{2})\quad\text{and}\quad v=\mathop{\rm Im}z_{3}. (41)

Then z3−(b+i​c)=(x−b)+i⁡(v−c)z_{3}-(b+ic)=(x-b)+i(v-c), and z1​z2=u+i​yz_{1}z_{2}=u+iy. Thus the first condition |z1|2=|z2|2=|z3−b−i​c|2|z_{1}|^{2}=|z_{2}|^{2}=|z_{3}-b-ic|^{2} in (21) becomes

|z1|2=|z2|2=(x−b)2+(v−c)2.|z_{1}|^{2}=|z_{2}|^{2}=(x-b)^{2}+(v-c)^{2}.

Squaring gives |z1​z2|2=((x−b)2+(v−c)2)2|z_{1}z_{2}|^{2}=\bigl((x-b)^{2}+(v-c)^{2}\bigr)^{2}, so substituting for z1​z2z_{1}z_{2} yields

u2+y2=((x−b)2+(v−c)2)2.u^{2}+y^{2}=\bigl((x-b)^{2}+(v-c)^{2}\bigr)^{2}. (42)

Similarly, using the expressions for z1​z2z_{1}z_{2} and z−(b+i​c)z-(b+ic) above, the second and third conditions on (z1,z2,z3)(z_{1},z_{2},z_{3}) in (21) become

u⁡(v−c)+y⁡(x−b)=0\displaystyle u(v-c)+y(x-b)=0 (43)
andu⁡(x−b)−y⁡(v−c)⩾0\displaystyle\text{and}\qquad u(x-b)-y(v-c)\geqslant 0 . (44)

We will use equations (42)–(44) to prove parts (b) and (c) of the proposition. First suppose x=bx=b. Then (43) gives u⁡(v−c)=0u(v-c)=0, so u=0u=0 or v=cv=c. If v=cv=c then (42) gives u2+y2=0u^{2}+y^{2}=0, so u=y=0u=y=0. Thus x=bx=b implies u=0u=0. By a similar argument u=0u=0 implies x=bx=b, so u=0u=0 if and only if x=bx=b, as in part (b). In the same way, v=cv=c if and only if y=0y=0, as in part (c).

We claim that the two terms u⁡(x−b)u(x-b) and −y⁡(v−c)-y(v-c) in (44) are both nonnegative. If one is zero this is obvious. So suppose both are nonzero, so that x−b,y,ux-b,y,u and v−cv-c are all nonzero. From (43), the signs of three of these terms determine the sign of the fourth. It is easy to verify that for all eight sign possibilities, u⁡(x−b)u(x-b) and −y⁡(v−c)-y(v-c) have the same sign. So both are nonnegative by (44). Hence u⁡(x−b)⩾0u(x-b)\geqslant 0, and u=0u=0 if and only if x=bx=b. Clearly, this proves part (b). Part (c) follows in the same way.

Next we shall show that for each pair (x,y)(x,y), there is exactly one pair (u,v)(u,v) satisfying (42)–(44). Multiplying (42) by (v−c)2(v-c)^{2} and replacing u2​(v−c)2u^{2}(v-c)^{2} by y2​(x−b)2y^{2}(x-b)^{2} using (43), we get

(v−c)6+2​(x−b)2​(v−c)4+((x−b)2−y2)​(v−c)2−y2​(x−b)2=0.(v-c)^{6}+2(x-b)^{2}(v-c)^{4}+\bigl((x-b)^{2}-y^{2}\bigr)(v-c)^{2}-y^{2}(x-b)^{2}=0.

This is a sextic in vv, independent of uu. Putting α=(v−c)2\alpha=(v-c)^{2}, it becomes

P⁡(α)=α3+2​(x−b)2​α2+((x−b)2−y2)​α−y2​(x−b)2=0.P(\alpha)=\alpha^{3}+2(x-b)^{2}\alpha^{2}+\bigl((x-b)^{2}-y^{2}\bigr)\alpha-y^{2}(x-b)^{2}=0.

Thus (v−c)2(v-c)^{2} is a real, nonnegative root of the cubic PP. Divide into cases

  • (i)

    x≠bx\neq b, y≠0y\neq 0 and PP has three real roots γ1,γ2,γ3\gamma_{1},\gamma_{2},\gamma_{3}, not necessarily distinct;

  • (ii)

    x≠bx\neq b, y≠0y\neq 0 and PP has one real root γ\gamma and a complex conjugate pair of non-real roots δ,δ¯\delta,\bar{\delta};

  • (iii)

    y=0y=0; and (iv) x=bx=b and y≠0y\neq 0.

We shall show that in cases (i)–(iii), the cubic PP has exactly one real nonnegative root, giving a unique value of (v−c)2(v-c)^{2}. In case (iv) there are two nonnegative roots, but one can be excluded.

In case (i) we have γ1+γ2+γ3=−2​(x−b)2<0\gamma_{1}+\gamma_{2}+\gamma_{3}=-2(x-b)^{2}<0, so at least one γj\gamma_{j} is negative. But γ1​γ2​γ3=y2​(x−b)2>0\gamma_{1}\gamma_{2}\gamma_{3}=y^{2}(x-b)^{2}>0, so an even number of γj\gamma_{j} are negative and an odd number positive. The only possibility is that one γj\gamma_{j} is positive and two negative. So PP has exactly one nonnegative root. In case (ii) we have γ​|δ|2=y2​(x−b)2>0\gamma|\delta|^{2}=y^{2}(x-b)^{2}>0, proving that γ>0\gamma>0, so PP has exactly one nonnegative root. In case (iii) we have P⁡(α)=α​(α+(x−b)2)2P(\alpha)=\alpha\bigl(\alpha+(x-b)^{2}\bigr)^{2}, with roots 0 and −(x−b)2-(x-b)^{2} (twice), so the only nonnegative root is 0.

In case (iv) we have P⁡(α)=α3−y2​αP(\alpha)=\alpha^{3}-y^{2}\alpha, with roots y,0y,0 and −y-y. Thus there are two nonnegative roots, |y||y| and 0. However, if α=0\alpha=0 then (v−c)2=0(v-c)^{2}=0, and (x−b)2=0(x-b)^{2}=0 by assumption, so the right hand side of (42) is zero. But y≠0y\neq 0, so the left hand side is positive, a contradiction. So α≠0\alpha\neq 0, and there is one allowable value for α\alpha, which is |y||y|.

We have shown that (42) and (43) determine (v−c)2(v-c)^{2} uniquely, and that there is a solution (v−c)2(v-c)^{2} for all x,yx,y. This yields (v−c)(v-c) up to sign. But part (c) gives the sign of v−cv-c, so vv is determined uniquely. If v≠cv\neq c, equation (43) determines uu. If v=cv=c then y=0y=0 by (c), so (42) gives u2=(x−b)2u^{2}=(x-b)^{2}, and u=±(x−b)u=\pm(x-b). The sign of uu is given by (b). Therefore for all pairs x,yx,y, there are unique solutions u,vu,v to (42)–(44).

Let us review what we have proved so far. If (z1,z2,z3)∈N0,b+i​c(z_{1},z_{2},z_{3})\in N_{0,b+ic} and x,y,u,vx,y,u,v are defined by (41), then they satisfy (42)–(44). Also, given any x,yx,y there exist unique u,vu,v satisfying (42)–(44). This defines the functions u⁡(x,y),v⁡(x,y)u(x,y),v(x,y) in the proposition uniquely, and it shows that N0,b+i​cN_{0,b+ic} is a subset of the 3-fold NN of (40). The converse, that N⊆N0,b+i​cN\subseteq N_{0,b+ic}, follows easily by reversing the argument above, since if (z1,z2,z3)∈N(z_{1},z_{2},z_{3})\in N then (42)–(44) are equivalent to the equations defining N0,b+i​cN_{0,b+ic}. Hence N=N0,b+i​cN=N_{0,b+ic}.

It remains to prove parts (a), (d) and (e). The smoothness in (a) follows directly from (42)–(44), or indirectly from the fact that N0,b+i​cN_{0,b+ic} is smooth except at (0,0,b+i​c)(0,0,b+ic), and u,vu,v satisfy (33) where they are smooth by Proposition 6.1. For part (d), set y=0y=0. Then v=cv=c by (c), so (42) gives u2=(x−b)4u^{2}=(x-b)^{4}. So u⁡(x,0)=±(x−b)2u(x,0)=\pm(x-b)^{2}, and the sign is determined by (b). Part (e) follows in the same way. This completes the proof for a=0a=0.

When a≠0a\neq 0, equation (42) must be replaced by

u2+y2=((x−b)2+(v−c)2)​((x−b)2+(v−c)2+|a|),u^{2}+y^{2}=\bigl((x-b)^{2}+(v-c)^{2}\bigr)\bigl((x-b)^{2}+(v-c)^{2}+|a|\bigr),

but the rest of the proof is more-or-less unchanged. □\square

Here is the analogue of this for the fibration f′f^{\prime} of Theorem 5.4.

Proposition 6.8

Let a,b,c∈ℝa,b,c\in\mathbin{\mathbb{R}}. Then there exist unique functions u,v:ℝ2→ℝu,v:\mathbin{\mathbb{R}}^{2}\rightarrow\mathbin{\mathbb{R}} such that

N′={(z1,z2,z3)∈ℂ3:Re(z1z2)=u(Re(z3),Im(z1z2)),Im(z3)=v(Re(z3),Im(z1z2)),|z1|2−|z2|2=a}\begin{split}N^{\prime}=\Bigl\{(z_{1}&,z_{2},z_{3})\in\mathbin{\mathbb{C}}^{3}:\mathop{\rm Re}(z_{1}z_{2})=u\bigl(\mathop{\rm Re}(z_{3}),\mathop{\rm Im}(z_{1}z_{2})\bigr),\\ &\mathop{\rm Im}(z_{3})=v\bigl(\mathop{\rm Re}(z_{3}),\mathop{\rm Im}(z_{1}z_{2})\bigr),\quad|z_{1}|^{2}-|z_{2}|^{2}=a\Bigr\}\end{split} (45)

is the special Lagrangian 33-fold Na,b+i​c′N^{\prime}_{a,b+ic} of Definition 5. Furthermore:

  • (a)

    u,vu,v are smooth on ℝ2\mathbin{\mathbb{R}}^{2} and satisfy (33), except at (b,0)(b,0) when a=0a=0, where they are only continuous.

  • (b)

    u⁡(x,y)<0u(x,y)<0 when x>bx>b for all yy, and u⁡(b,y)=0u(b,y)=0 for all yy, and u⁡(x,y)>0u(x,y)>0 when x<bx<b for all yy.

  • (c)

    v⁡(x,y)>cv(x,y)>c when y>0y>0 for all xx, and v⁡(x,0)=cv(x,0)=c for all xx, and v⁡(x,y)<cv(x,y)<c when y<0y<0 for all xx.

  • (d)

    u⁡(x,0)=−(x−b)​((x−b)2+|a|)1/2u(x,0)=-(x-b)\bigl((x-b)^{2}+|a|\bigr)^{1/2} for all xx.

  • (e)

    v(b,y)=c+y(12|a|+y2+14​a2)−1/2v(b,y)=c+y\Bigl(\frac{1}{2}|a|+\sqrt{y^{2}+\frac{1}{4}a^{2}}\,\,\Bigr)^{-1/2} for all yy.

The last three results show that the fibres of the fibrations of Corollary 4.2 and Theorems 5.2 and 5.4 may all be written in the form (30). This will be important to us in §7, where we shall discuss fibrations which mix the properties of these three fibrations, and we will use the coordinate system (30) to define the fibres.

Original mathematics by the credited authors. Source-backed reader collection; mathematical self-containment is not assessed.