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4 Two simple SL fibrations of ℂ 3 [03L1]

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4 Two simple SL fibrations of ℂ3\mathbin{\mathbb{C}}^{3}

We now describe two very elementary examples of (smooth) special Lagrangian fibrations of ℂ3\mathbin{\mathbb{C}}^{3}, which we will build on later. The results of this section are not new, and can mostly be found in Harvey and Lawson [9, §III.3] and the author [10, §3]. The proofs are easy and will generally be omitted. Here is our first family of SL 3-folds in ℂ3\mathbin{\mathbb{C}}^{3}.

Theorem 4.1

Let a,b,c∈ℝa,b,c\in\mathbin{\mathbb{R}}, and define a subset Ka,b,cK_{a,b,c} in ℂ3\mathbin{\mathbb{C}}^{3} by

Ka,b,c={(z1,z2,z3)∈ℂ3:|z1|2−|z2|2=a,Re(z1z2)=b,Im(z3)=c}.\begin{split}K_{a,b,c}=\bigl\{(z_{1},z_{2},z_{3})\in\mathbin{\mathbb{C}}^{3}:\,&|z_{1}|^{2}-|z_{2}|^{2}=a,\\ &\mathop{\rm Re}(z_{1}z_{2})=b,\quad\mathop{\rm Im}(z_{3})=c\bigr\}.\end{split} (8)

Then Ka,b,cK_{a,b,c} is a special Lagrangian 33-fold in ℂ3\mathbin{\mathbb{C}}^{3}. If a,ba,b are not both zero, then Ka,b,cK_{a,b,c} is a nonsingular embedded submanifold diffeomorphic to 𝒮1×ℝ2{\mathcal{S}}^{1}\times\mathbin{\mathbb{R}}^{2}. Also K0,0,cK_{0,0,c} is the union of the two special Lagrangian 33-planes

Πc+={(z,iz¯,t+ic):z∈ℂ,t∈ℝ}andΠc−={(z,−iz¯,t+ic):z∈ℂ,t∈ℝ},\begin{split}\Pi^{+}_{c}&=\bigl\{(z,i\bar{z},t+ic):z\in\mathbin{\mathbb{C}},\quad t\in\mathbin{\mathbb{R}}\bigr\}\\ \text{and}\qquad\Pi^{-}_{c}&=\bigl\{(z,-i\bar{z},t+ic):z\in\mathbin{\mathbb{C}},\quad t\in\mathbin{\mathbb{R}}\bigr\},\end{split} (9)

which intersect in the real line {(0,0,t+ic):t∈ℝ}\bigl\{(0,0,t+ic):t\in\mathbin{\mathbb{R}}\bigr\}. It is singular as an embedded submanifold, but nonsingular as an immersed submanifold.

Clearly Ka,b,cK_{a,b,c} is invariant under the group U(1)×ℝ\mathbin{\rm U}(1)\times\mathbin{\mathbb{R}} acting on ℂ3\mathbin{\mathbb{C}}^{3} by

(ei​θ,t):(z1,z2,z3)⟼(ei​θ​z1,e−i​θ​z2,z3+t),({\rm e}^{i\theta},t):(z_{1},z_{2},z_{3})\longmapsto({\rm e}^{i\theta}z_{1},{\rm e}^{-i\theta}z_{2},z_{3}+t), (10)

and using the methods of [11] one can show that any connected SL 3-fold in ℂ3\mathbin{\mathbb{C}}^{3} invariant under this group is a subset of some Ka,b,cK_{a,b,c}. From the theorem we immediately deduce:

Corollary 4.2

The map f:ℂ3→ℝ3f:\mathbin{\mathbb{C}}^{3}\rightarrow\mathbin{\mathbb{R}}^{3} defined by

f:(z1,z2,z3)⟼(|z1|2−|z2|2,Re(z1​z2),Im(z3))f:(z_{1},z_{2},z_{3})\longmapsto\bigl(\,|z_{1}|^{2}-|z_{2}|^{2},\mathop{\rm Re}(z_{1}z_{2}),\mathop{\rm Im}(z_{3})\bigr) (11)

is a smooth special Lagrangian fibration of ℂ3\mathbin{\mathbb{C}}^{3}.

This fibration is the local model for the most generic kind of singularity in smooth SL fibrations of Calabi–Yau 3-folds, as studied by Gross [5, 6], for instance. Note that the set of singular fibres in ℝ3\mathbin{\mathbb{R}}^{3} is {(0,0,c):c∈ℝ}\bigl\{(0,0,c):c\in\mathbin{\mathbb{R}}\bigr\}, of codimension two, and each singular fibre has a one-dimensional singular set {(0,0,t+ic):t∈ℝ}\bigl\{(0,0,t+ic):t\in\mathbin{\mathbb{R}}\bigr\}. Also, the set of all singular points of singular fibres is {(0,0,z3):z3∈ℂ}\bigl\{(0,0,z_{3}):z_{3}\in\mathbin{\mathbb{C}}\bigr\}, a complex line in ℂ3\mathbin{\mathbb{C}}^{3}.

Here is our second family of SL 3-folds in ℂ3\mathbin{\mathbb{C}}^{3}, due originally to Harvey and Lawson [9, §III.3.A].

Theorem 4.3

Let a,b,c∈ℝa,b,c\in\mathbin{\mathbb{R}}, and define a subset La,b,cL_{a,b,c} in ℂ3\mathbin{\mathbb{C}}^{3} by

La,b,c={(z1,z2,z3)∈ℂ3:|z1|2−|z2|2=a,|z1|2−|z3|2=b,Im(z1z2z3)=c}.\begin{split}L_{a,b,c}=\bigl\{(z_{1},z_{2},z_{3})\in\mathbin{\mathbb{C}}^{3}:\,&|z_{1}|^{2}-|z_{2}|^{2}=a,\\ &|z_{1}|^{2}-|z_{3}|^{2}=b,\quad\mathop{\rm Im}(z_{1}z_{2}z_{3})=c\bigr\}.\end{split} (12)

Then La,b,cL_{a,b,c} is a special Lagrangian 33-fold in ℂ3\mathbin{\mathbb{C}}^{3}. Moreover

  • (i)

    L0,0,0L_{0,0,0} has one singular point at 00.

  • (ii)

    If α>0\alpha>0 then Lα,α,0L_{\alpha,\alpha,0} has singular set {(α1/2​ei​θ,0,0):θ∈[0,2​π)}\bigl\{(\alpha^{1/2}{\rm e}^{i\theta},0,0):\theta\in[0,2\pi)\bigr\}.

  • (iii)

    If α>0\alpha>0 then L−α,0,0L_{-\alpha,0,0} has singular set {(0,α1/2​ei​θ,0):θ∈[0,2​π)}\bigl\{(0,\alpha^{1/2}{\rm e}^{i\theta},0):\theta\in[0,2\pi)\bigr\}.

  • (iv)

    If α>0\alpha>0 then L0,−α,0L_{0,-\alpha,0} has singular set {(0,0,α1/2​ei​θ):θ∈[0,2​π)}\bigl\{(0,0,\alpha^{1/2}{\rm e}^{i\theta}):\theta\in[0,2\pi)\bigr\}.

All other La,b,cL_{a,b,c} are nonsingular embedded submanifolds diffeomorphic to T2×ℝT^{2}\times\mathbin{\mathbb{R}}.

Again, these 3-folds La,b,cL_{a,b,c} have a two-dimensional symmetry group, this time

U(1)2={(ei​θ1,ei​θ2,ei​θ3):θ1,θ2,θ3∈ℝ,θ1+θ2+θ3=0},\mathbin{\rm U}(1)^{2}=\bigl\{({\rm e}^{i\theta_{1}},{\rm e}^{i\theta_{2}},{\rm e}^{i\theta_{3}}):\theta_{1},\theta_{2},\theta_{3}\in\mathbin{\mathbb{R}},\quad\theta_{1}+\theta_{2}+\theta_{3}=0\bigr\}, (13)

which acts on ℂ3\mathbin{\mathbb{C}}^{3} as a subgroup of SU(3)\mathop{\rm SU}(3) by

(ei​θ1,ei​θ2,ei​θ3):(z1,z2,z3)⟼(ei​θ1​z1,ei​θ2​z2,ei​θ3​z3).({\rm e}^{i\theta_{1}},{\rm e}^{i\theta_{2}},{\rm e}^{i\theta_{3}}):(z_{1},z_{2},z_{3})\longmapsto({\rm e}^{i\theta_{1}}z_{1},{\rm e}^{i\theta_{2}}z_{2},{\rm e}^{i\theta_{3}}z_{3}). (14)

Any connected SL 3-fold in ℂ3\mathbin{\mathbb{C}}^{3} invariant under this group is a subset of some La,b,cL_{a,b,c}. The theorem immediately yields

Corollary 4.4

The map f:ℂ3→ℝ3f:\mathbin{\mathbb{C}}^{3}\rightarrow\mathbin{\mathbb{R}}^{3} defined by

f:(z1,z2,z3)⟼(|z1|2−|z2|2,|z1|2−|z3|2,Im(z1​z2​z3))f:(z_{1},z_{2},z_{3})\longmapsto\bigl(\,|z_{1}|^{2}-|z_{2}|^{2},|z_{1}|^{2}-|z_{3}|^{2},\mathop{\rm Im}(z_{1}z_{2}z_{3})\bigr) (15)

is a smooth special Lagrangian fibration of ℂ3\mathbin{\mathbb{C}}^{3}.

This is the local model for another, nongeneric kind of singularity in smooth SL fibrations of Calabi–Yau 3-folds. The set of singular fibres in ℝ3\mathbin{\mathbb{R}}^{3} is

{(α,α,0),(−α,0,0),(0,−α,0):α⩾0}\bigl\{(\alpha,\alpha,0),(-\alpha,0,0),(0,-\alpha,0):\alpha\geqslant 0\bigr\}

which is three half-lines meeting at a point, and is again of codimension two in ℝ3\mathbin{\mathbb{R}}^{3}. Generic singular fibres have singular fibre a circle, which is one-dimensional. Note that in a small neighbourhood of a singular point of a generic singular fibre, the fibration is a smooth deformation of the fibration of Corollary 4.2. The set of all singular points of singular fibres is

{(z,0,0),(0,z,0),(0,0,z):z∈ℂ},\bigl\{(z,0,0),(0,z,0),(0,0,z):z\in\mathbin{\mathbb{C}}\bigr\},

a singular complex curve in ℂ3\mathbin{\mathbb{C}}^{3}.

In the rest of the section we explore the structure of the singular fibres in cases (i)–(iv) of Theorem 4.3, following [10, §3].

Case (i). Define subsets L0±L_{0}^{\pm} in ℂ3\mathbin{\mathbb{C}}^{3} by

L0+={(rei​θ1,rei​θ2,rei​θ3):r⩾0,θ1,θ2,θ3∈ℝ,θ1+θ2+θ3=0},L0−={(rei​θ1,rei​θ2,rei​θ3):r⩾0,θ1,θ2,θ3∈ℝ,θ1+θ2+θ3=π}.\begin{split}&L_{0}^{+}=\bigl\{(r{\rm e}^{i\theta_{1}},r{\rm e}^{i\theta_{2}},r{\rm e}^{i\theta_{3}}):r\geqslant 0,\quad\theta_{1},\theta_{2},\theta_{3}\in\mathbin{\mathbb{R}},\quad\theta_{1}+\theta_{2}+\theta_{3}=0\bigr\},\\ &L_{0}^{-}=\bigl\{(r{\rm e}^{i\theta_{1}},r{\rm e}^{i\theta_{2}},r{\rm e}^{i\theta_{3}}):r\geqslant 0,\quad\theta_{1},\theta_{2},\theta_{3}\in\mathbin{\mathbb{R}},\quad\theta_{1}+\theta_{2}+\theta_{3}=\pi\bigr\}.\end{split} (16)

Then L0±L_{0}^{\pm} are both special Lagrangian cones on T2T^{2}, which intersect only at 0, their common singular point. But L0,0,0=L0+∪L0−L_{0,0,0}=L_{0}^{+}\cup L_{0}^{-}. Thus in this case La,b,cL_{a,b,c} splits into two pieces L0±L_{0}^{\pm}. Harvey and Lawson remark [9, p. 97] that L0±L_{0}^{\pm} are not real analytic.

Case (ii). Let α>0\alpha>0, write 𝒮1={ei​θ:θ∈[0,2​π)}{\mathcal{S}}^{1}=\bigl\{{\rm e}^{i\theta}:\theta\in[0,2\pi)\bigr\}, and define maps ϕ±1,α:𝒮1×ℂ→ℂ3\phi^{\pm}_{1,\alpha}:{\mathcal{S}}^{1}\times\mathbin{\mathbb{C}}\rightarrow\mathbin{\mathbb{C}}^{3} by

ϕ1,α+:(ei​θ,z)↦((|z|2+α)1/2​ei​θ,z,e−i​θ​z¯),\displaystyle\phi^{+}_{1,\alpha}:(e^{i\theta},z)\mapsto\bigl((|z|^{2}+\alpha)^{1/2}{\rm e}^{i\theta},z,e^{-i\theta}\bar{z}\bigr),
ϕ1,α−:(ei​θ,z)↦((|z|2+α)1/2​ei​θ,z,−e−i​θ​z¯).\displaystyle\phi^{-}_{1,\alpha}:(e^{i\theta},z)\mapsto\bigl((|z|^{2}+\alpha)^{1/2}{\rm e}^{i\theta},z,-e^{-i\theta}\bar{z}\bigr).

Now ϕ1,α±\phi_{1,\alpha}^{\pm} are smooth, injective maps 𝒮1×ℂ→ℂ3{\mathcal{S}}^{1}\times\mathbin{\mathbb{C}}\rightarrow\mathbin{\mathbb{C}}^{3}, whose first derivatives have full rank at every point. Therefore the images of ϕ1,α±\phi_{1,\alpha}^{\pm} are nonsingular submanifolds of ℂ3\mathbin{\mathbb{C}}^{3}, which are embedded and closed.

So define L1,α±=ϕ1,α±(𝒮1×ℂ)L_{1,\alpha}^{\pm}=\phi_{1,\alpha}^{\pm}({\mathcal{S}}^{1}\times\mathbin{\mathbb{C}}). An equivalent definition is

L1,α+={(z1,z2,z3)∈ℂ3:|z1|2−|z2|2=α,|z1|2−|z3|2=α,Im(z1z2z3)=0,Re(z1z2z3)⩾0},L1,α−={(z1,z2,z3)∈ℂ3:|z1|2−|z2|2=α,|z1|2−|z3|2=α,Im(z1z2z3)=0,Re(z1z2z3)⩽0}.\begin{split}L_{1,\alpha}^{+}=\bigl\{(z_{1},z_{2},z_{3})\in\mathbin{\mathbb{C}}^{3}:\,&|z_{1}|^{2}-|z_{2}|^{2}=\alpha,\quad|z_{1}|^{2}-|z_{3}|^{2}=\alpha,\\ &\mathop{\rm Im}(z_{1}z_{2}z_{3})=0,\quad\mathop{\rm Re}(z_{1}z_{2}z_{3})\geqslant 0\bigr\},\\ L_{1,\alpha}^{-}=\bigl\{(z_{1},z_{2},z_{3})\in\mathbin{\mathbb{C}}^{3}:\,&|z_{1}|^{2}-|z_{2}|^{2}=\alpha,\quad|z_{1}|^{2}-|z_{3}|^{2}=\alpha,\\ &\mathop{\rm Im}(z_{1}z_{2}z_{3})=0,\quad\mathop{\rm Re}(z_{1}z_{2}z_{3})\leqslant 0\bigr\}.\end{split} (17)

Then L1,α+L_{1,\alpha}^{+} and L1,α−L_{1,\alpha}^{-} are both nonsingular, embedded 3-submanifolds of ℂ3\mathbin{\mathbb{C}}^{3} diffeomorphic to 𝒮1×ℂ{\mathcal{S}}^{1}\times\mathbin{\mathbb{C}}. Comparing (12) and (17) we see that Lα,α,0=L1,α+∪L1,α−L_{\alpha,\alpha,0}=L_{1,\alpha}^{+}\cup L_{1,\alpha}^{-}. Since Lα,α,0L_{\alpha,\alpha,0} is an SL 3-fold we deduce that L1,α±L_{1,\alpha}^{\pm} are also SL 3-folds in ℂ3\mathbin{\mathbb{C}}^{3}, which is easy to verify directly.

Observe that L1,α+∩L1,α−={(α1/2​ei​θ,0,0):θ∈[0,2​π)}L_{1,\alpha}^{+}\cap L_{1,\alpha}^{-}=\bigl\{(\alpha^{1/2}{\rm e}^{i\theta},0,0):\theta\in[0,2\pi)\bigr\}, which is the singular set of Lα,α,0L_{\alpha,\alpha,0} given in Theorem 4.3. Thus Lα,α,0L_{\alpha,\alpha,0} is the union of two nonsingular special Lagrangian 3-folds L1,α+L_{1,\alpha}^{+} and L1,α−L_{1,\alpha}^{-}, and the singularities of Lα,α,0L_{\alpha,\alpha,0} occur at their intersection. Note that we could consider Lα,α,0L_{\alpha,\alpha,0} to be a nonsingular, immersed submanifold.

Cases (iii) and (iv). We can treat these exactly like case (ii), but with a cyclic permutation of z1,z2z_{1},z_{2} and z3z_{3}. In particular, if for α>0\alpha>0 we define

L2,α+={(z1,z2,z3)∈ℂ3:|z1|2−|z2|2=−α,|z1|2−|z3|2=0,Im(z1z2z3)=0,Re(z1z2z3)⩾0},L2,α−={(z1,z2,z3)∈ℂ3:|z1|2−|z2|2=−α,|z1|2−|z3|2=0,Im(z1z2z3)=0,Re(z1z2z3)⩽0},\displaystyle\begin{split}L_{2,\alpha}^{+}=\bigl\{(z_{1},z_{2},z_{3})\in\mathbin{\mathbb{C}}^{3}:\,&|z_{1}|^{2}-|z_{2}|^{2}=-\alpha,\quad|z_{1}|^{2}-|z_{3}|^{2}=0,\\ &\mathop{\rm Im}(z_{1}z_{2}z_{3})=0,\quad\mathop{\rm Re}(z_{1}z_{2}z_{3})\geqslant 0\bigr\},\\ L_{2,\alpha}^{-}=\bigl\{(z_{1},z_{2},z_{3})\in\mathbin{\mathbb{C}}^{3}:\,&|z_{1}|^{2}-|z_{2}|^{2}=-\alpha,\quad|z_{1}|^{2}-|z_{3}|^{2}=0,\\ &\mathop{\rm Im}(z_{1}z_{2}z_{3})=0,\quad\mathop{\rm Re}(z_{1}z_{2}z_{3})\leqslant 0\bigr\},\end{split} (18)
L3,α+={(z1,z2,z3)∈ℂ3:|z1|2−|z2|2=0,|z1|2−|z3|2=−α,Im(z1z2z3)=0,Re(z1z2z3)⩾0},L3,α−={(z1,z2,z3)∈ℂ3:|z1|2−|z2|2=0,|z1|2−|z3|2=−α,Im(z1z2z3)=0,Re(z1z2z3)⩽0},\displaystyle\begin{split}L_{3,\alpha}^{+}=\bigl\{(z_{1},z_{2},z_{3})\in\mathbin{\mathbb{C}}^{3}:\,&|z_{1}|^{2}-|z_{2}|^{2}=0,\quad|z_{1}|^{2}-|z_{3}|^{2}=-\alpha,\\ &\mathop{\rm Im}(z_{1}z_{2}z_{3})=0,\quad\mathop{\rm Re}(z_{1}z_{2}z_{3})\geqslant 0\bigr\},\\ L_{3,\alpha}^{-}=\bigl\{(z_{1},z_{2},z_{3})\in\mathbin{\mathbb{C}}^{3}:\,&|z_{1}|^{2}-|z_{2}|^{2}=0,\quad|z_{1}|^{2}-|z_{3}|^{2}=-\alpha,\\ &\mathop{\rm Im}(z_{1}z_{2}z_{3})=0,\quad\mathop{\rm Re}(z_{1}z_{2}z_{3})\leqslant 0\bigr\},\end{split} (19)

then L2,α±L_{2,\alpha}^{\pm} and L3,α±L_{3,\alpha}^{\pm} are all nonsingular SL 3-folds diffeomorphic to 𝒮1×ℂ{\mathcal{S}}^{1}\times\mathbin{\mathbb{C}}, with L−α,0,0=L2,α+∪L2,α−L_{-\alpha,0,0}=L_{2,\alpha}^{+}\cup L_{2,\alpha}^{-} and L0,−α,0=L3,α+∪L3,α−L_{0,-\alpha,0}=L_{3,\alpha}^{+}\cup L_{3,\alpha}^{-}.

It is not difficult to show that Lj,α+L_{j,\alpha}^{+} is asymptotic to the T2T^{2}-cone L0+L_{0}^{+} at infinity for j=1,2,3j=1,2,3. Thus the Lj,α+L_{j,\alpha}^{+} for j=1,2,3j=1,2,3 are three different families of asymptotically conical SL 3-folds asymptotic to the same singular cone L0+L_{0}^{+}. We may interpret them as three different ways to ‘resolve’ the same SL 3-fold singularity L0+L_{0}^{+}. This point of view was taken in [10, §3–§5]. Similarly, Lj,α−L_{j,\alpha}^{-} is asymptotic to L0−L_{0}^{-} at infinity for j=1,2,3j=1,2,3.

For α>0\alpha>0, define a holomorphic disc D1,αD_{1,\alpha} in ℂ3\mathbin{\mathbb{C}}^{3} by

D1,α={(z1,0,0):z1∈ℂ,|z1|2⩽α}.D_{1,\alpha}=\bigl\{(z_{1},0,0):z_{1}\in\mathbin{\mathbb{C}},\quad|z_{1}|^{2}\leqslant\alpha\bigr\}. (20)

Then ∂D1,α\partial D_{1,\alpha} is the intersection of L1,α+L_{1,\alpha}^{+} and L1,α−L_{1,\alpha}^{-}. Therefore D1,αD_{1,\alpha} is a holomorphic disc with boundary in both of the nonsingular SL 3-folds L1,α±L_{1,\alpha}^{\pm}. In the same way, there are holomorphic discs D2,αD_{2,\alpha} and D3,αD_{3,\alpha} with boundaries in L2,α±L_{2,\alpha}^{\pm} and L3,α±L_{3,\alpha}^{\pm}. This will be significant later, when we discuss holomorphic discs in Calabi–Yau 3-folds with boundary in special Lagrangian 3-folds.

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