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3.1 Reformulations of the ODE [022U]

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3.1 Reformulations of the ODE

First reformulation of the ODE

The ODE (7) can be somewhat further simplified:

Lemma 3.1.

Under the substitution w=n+2n​vn/(n+2)w=\frac{n+2}{n}v^{n/(n+2)}, the ODE (7) is equivalent to

w′′​(w+(1−t)​w′)n−2=const⋅w−3.w^{\prime\prime}(w+(1-t)w^{\prime})^{n-2}=\text{const}\cdot w^{-3}. (10)
Proof.

Observe

(v′v2/(n+2))′=v​v′′−2n+2​v′2v(n+4)/(n+2).\left(\frac{v^{\prime}}{v^{2/(n+2)}}\right)^{\prime}=\frac{vv^{\prime\prime}-\frac{2}{n+2}v^{\prime 2}}{v^{(n+4)/(n+2)}}.

We can rewrite the ODE (7) as

v​v′′−2n+2​v′2v(n+4)/(n+2)(n+2nvn/(n+2)+(1−t)v′v2/(n+2))n−2=const⋅v−3n/(n+2).\frac{vv^{\prime\prime}-\frac{2}{n+2}v^{\prime 2}}{v^{(n+4)/(n+2)}}\left(\frac{n+2}{n}v^{n/(n+2)}+(1-t)\frac{v^{\prime}}{v^{2/(n+2)}}\right)^{n-2}=\text{const}\cdot v^{-3n/(n+2)}.

Now

w=n+2n​vn/(n+2),w′=v′v2/(n+2),w′′=v​v′′−2n+2​v′2v(n+4)/(n+2),w=\frac{n+2}{n}v^{n/(n+2)},\quad w^{\prime}=\frac{v^{\prime}}{v^{2/(n+2)}},\quad w^{\prime\prime}=\frac{vv^{\prime\prime}-\frac{2}{n+2}v^{\prime 2}}{v^{(n+4)/(n+2)}},

so the ODE simplifies to (10) after slightly modifying the constant. ∎

Remark 3.2.

The Kähler condition (cf. Remark 2.5) translates into

w>0,w′′>0,w+(1−t)​w′>0.w>0,\quad w^{\prime\prime}>0,\quad w+(1-t)w^{\prime}>0.
Remark 3.3.

The symmetry of the ODE (cf. Remark 2.6) translates into the following. Let

w⁡(t)=t​w~​(1/t),w(t)=t\tilde{w}(1/t),

then

w′=w~−t−1​w~′,w′′=t−3​w~′′,w^{\prime}=\tilde{w}-t^{-1}\tilde{w}^{\prime},\quad w^{\prime\prime}=t^{-3}\tilde{w}^{\prime\prime},
w+(1−t)​w′=w~+(1−t−1)​w~′,w′′​w3=w~′′​w~3.w+(1-t)w^{\prime}=\tilde{w}+(1-t^{-1})\tilde{w}^{\prime},\quad w^{\prime\prime}w^{3}=\tilde{w}^{\prime\prime}\tilde{w}^{3}.

Thus if ww solves (10), then so does w~\tilde{w}.

In terms of the substitution w=n+2n​vn/(n+2)w=\frac{n+2}{n}v^{n/(n+2)}, the boundary condition at t→0t\to 0 becomes

{w=w0+O(t),w0=n+2nv0n/(n+2),w′=−w0+b1t1/(n−1)+O(t),b1=av0−2/(n+2),w′′=b1n−1t−(n−2)/(n−1)+O(1).\begin{cases}&w=w_{0}+O(t),\quad w_{0}=\frac{n+2}{n}v_{0}^{n/(n+2)},\\ &w^{\prime}=-w_{0}+b_{1}t^{1/(n-1)}+O(t),\quad b_{1}=av_{0}^{-2/(n+2)},\\ &w^{\prime\prime}=\frac{b_{1}}{n-1}t^{-(n-2)/(n-1)}+O(1).\end{cases} (11)

In the normalization of the ODE

w′′​w3​(w+(1−t)​w′)n−2=1n−1,w^{\prime\prime}w^{3}(w+(1-t)w^{\prime})^{n-2}=\frac{1}{n-1}, (12)

we would have

b1n−1​w03=1.b_{1}^{n-1}w_{0}^{3}=1.

Notice w0w_{0} determines b1b_{1}, which means this boundary condition at t=0t=0 comes in a 1-parameter family, instead of the generic 2-parameter family for second order ODEs. The t=+∞t=+\infty end has a closely related boundary condition via the ODE symmetry (cf. Remark 3.3), which also arises in a 1-parameter family, so one expects the global solutions to the ODE to be isolated.

Second reformulation of the ODE

We write for 0<t<10<t<1,

s=11−t∈(1,∞),𝔴⁡(s)=w⁡(t)1−t.s=\frac{1}{1-t}\in(1,\infty),\quad\mathfrak{w}(s)=\frac{w(t)}{1-t}. (13)

Then

d​𝔴d​s=(1−t)2​d​𝔴d​t=(1−t)2​dd​t​(w1−t)=(1−t)​w′+w.\frac{d\mathfrak{w}}{ds}=(1-t)^{2}\frac{d\mathfrak{w}}{dt}=(1-t)^{2}\frac{d}{dt}(\frac{w}{1-t})=(1-t)w^{\prime}+w.
d2​𝔴d​s2=(1−t)2​dd​t​((1−t)​w′+w)=(1−t)3​w′′.\frac{d^{2}\mathfrak{w}}{ds^{2}}=(1-t)^{2}\frac{d}{dt}((1-t)w^{\prime}+w)=(1-t)^{3}w^{\prime\prime}.

Thus the ODE (12) can be reformulated as

dd​s​(d​𝔴d​s)n−1=(n−1)​d2​𝔴d​s2​(d​𝔴d​s)n−2=𝔴−3.\frac{d}{ds}(\frac{d\mathfrak{w}}{ds})^{n-1}=(n-1)\frac{d^{2}\mathfrak{w}}{ds^{2}}(\frac{d\mathfrak{w}}{ds})^{n-2}=\mathfrak{w}^{-3}. (14)

The Kähler condition (cf. Remark 3.2) translates into

𝔴>0,d​𝔴d​s>0,d2​𝔴d​s2>0.\mathfrak{w}>0,\quad\frac{d\mathfrak{w}}{ds}>0,\quad\frac{d^{2}\mathfrak{w}}{ds^{2}}>0. (15)

The initial condition at s=1s=1 is

𝔴=w0+O⁡(t),d​𝔴d​s=b1​t1/(n−1)+O⁡(t),t=1−s−1.\mathfrak{w}=w_{0}+O(t),\quad\frac{d\mathfrak{w}}{ds}=b_{1}t^{1/(n-1)}+O(t),\quad t=1-s^{-1}. (16)

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