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2.2. ϵ -Regularity Theorems [01XW]

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2.2. ϵ\epsilon-Regularity Theorems

A central result of this paper is the ϵ\epsilon-regularity theorem, Theorem 6.1. The original ϵ\epsilon-regularity theorems for Einstein manifolds were given in [A90], [T90] , [BKN89]. They state that if MnM^{n} is an Einstein manifold, RicMn=λ​g{\rm Ric}_{M^{n}}=\lambda g, with |λ|≤n−1|\lambda|\leq n-1, and if for B2​(p)⊂MnB_{2}(p)\subset M^{n},

⨏B2​(p)|Rm|n/2<ϵ⁡(n),\displaystyle\fint_{B_{2}(p)}|{\rm Rm}|^{n/2}<\epsilon(n)\,, (2.6)

then supB1​(p)|Rm|≤1\sup_{B_{1}(p)}|{\rm Rm}|\leq 1.

In [CCT02], [Ch2], [CD13], ϵ\epsilon-regularity theorems were proved under the assumption of LqL^{q} curvature bounds, 1≤q<n/21\leq q<n/2, provided B2​(p)B_{2}(p) is assumed sufficiently close to a ball in a cone which splits off an isometric factor ℝn−2​q\mathds{R}^{n-2q}.

On the other hand, the regularity theory of [ChNa13] for Einstein manifolds depends on ϵ\epsilon-regularity theorems which do not assume any LqL^{q} curvature bounds. In particular, it follows from the work of [A90] that there exists ϵ⁡(n)>0\epsilon(n)>0 such that if |RicMn|≤ϵ⁡(n)|{\rm Ric}_{M^{n}}|\leq\epsilon(n) and if

dG​H​(B2​(p),B2​(0n))<ϵ⁡(n),\displaystyle d_{GH}(B_{2}(p),B_{2}(0^{n}))<\epsilon(n)\,, (2.7)

where B2​(0n)⊆ℝnB_{2}(0^{n})\subseteq\mathbb{R}^{n}, then |Rm|≤1|{\rm Rm}|\leq 1 on B1​(x)B_{1}(x).

This result can be extended in several directions. In order to state the extension in full generality, we first recall the notion of the harmonic radius:

Definition 2.2.

For x∈Xx\in X, we define the harmonic radius rh​(x)r_{h}(x) so that rh​(x)=0r_{h}(x)=0 if no neighborhood of xx is a Riemannian manifold. Otherwise we define rh​(x)r_{h}(x) to be the largest r>0r>0 such that there exists a mapping Φ:Br​(0n)→X\Phi:B_{r}(0^{n})\to X such that:

  1. (1)

    Φ⁡(0)=x\Phi(0)=x with Φ\Phi is a diffeomorphism onto its image.

  2. (2)

    Δg​xℓ=0\Delta_{g}x^{\ell}=0, where xℓx^{\ell} are the coordinate functions and Δg\Delta_{g} is the Laplace Beltrami operator.

  3. (3)

    If gi​j=Φ∗​gg_{ij}=\Phi^{*}g is the pullback metric, then

    ‖gi​j−δi​j‖C0​(Br​(0n))+r​‖∂kgi​j‖C0​(Br​(0n))≤10−3.\displaystyle||g_{ij}-\delta_{ij}||_{C^{0}(B_{r}(0^{n}))}+r||\partial_{k}g_{ij}||_{C^{0}(B_{r}(0^{n}))}\leq 10^{-3}\,. (2.8)

We call a mapping Φ:Br​(0n)→X\Phi:B_{r}(0^{n})\to X as above a harmonic coordinate system. Harmonic coordinates have an abundance of good properties when it comes to regularity issues; see the book [P] for a nice introduction. In particular, if the Ricci curvature is uniformly bounded then in harmonic coordinates, the metric, gi​jg_{ij} has a priori C1,α∩W2,qC^{1,\alpha}\cap W^{2,q} bounds, for all α<1\alpha<1 and q<∞q<\infty. If in addition, there is a bound on |∇RicMn||\nabla{\rm Ric}_{M^{n}}|, then in harmony coordinates, gi​jg_{ij} has C2,αC^{2,\alpha} bounds, for all α<1\alpha<1.

The primary theorem we wish to review in this subsection is the following:

Theorem 2.3 ([A90], [ChCo1]).

There exists ϵ⁡(n,v)>0\epsilon(n,{\rm v})>0 such that if MnM^{n} satisfies |RicMn|≤ϵ|{\rm Ric}_{M^{n}}|\leq\epsilon, Vol⁡(B1​(p))>v>0{\rm Vol}(B_{1}(p))>{\rm v}>0, and

dG​H​(B2​(p),B2​(0))<ϵ⁡(n),\displaystyle d_{GH}(B_{2}(p),B_{2}(0))<\epsilon(n)\,, (2.9)

where 0∈ℝn−1×C⁡(Z)0\in\mathds{R}^{n-1}\times C(Z), then the harmonic radius rh​(x)r_{h}(x) satisfies

rh​(x)≥1.\displaystyle r_{h}(x)\geq 1\,. (2.10)

If MnM^{n} is further assumed to be Einstein, then the regularity scale rxr_{x} satisfies rx≥1r_{x}\geq 1.

By the results of the previous subsection, it is possible to find balls satisfying the above constraint off a subset of Hausdorff codimension 22. Moreover, when combined with the quantitative stratification of [ChNa13], see also Section 7, this ϵ\epsilon-regularity theorem leads to a priori LpL^{p} bounds on the curvature. The primary result of the present paper can be viewed as Theorem 6.1, which states that the conclusions of Theorem 2.3 continue to hold if ℝn−1\mathds{R}^{n-1} is replaced by 0∈ℝn−3×C⁡(Z)0\in\mathds{R}^{n-3}\times C(Z).

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