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7.2. L q -Estimates for Harmonic Functions on Einstein Manifolds [01Z0]

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7.2. LqL^{q}-Estimates for Harmonic Functions on Einstein Manifolds

In this subsection we give some applications of Theorem 1.3. In particular, we study Sobolev bounds of harmonic functions and solutions of more general equations on manifolds with bounded Ricci curvature. As we have used repeatedly, given a lower bound on Ricci curvature , there is a definite L2L^{2} bound on the Hessian of a harmonic function; see (3.5). However, the example of a rounded off 22-dimensional cone shows that one does not have definite LqL^{q} bounds for any q>2q>2; see Example 2.1. In this subsection, we will see that the situation is better for noncollapsed spaces with bounded Ricci curvature. Namely, one can obtain LqL^{q} bounds on the Hessians of such harmonic functions for all q<4q<4. More generally, we show the following:

Theorem 7.4.

For every q<4q<4 there exists C=C⁡(n,v,q)C=C(n,{\rm v},q) such that if MnM^{n} satisfies |RicMn|≤n−1|{\rm Ric}_{M^{n}}|\leq n-1 and Vol⁡(B1​(p))>v>0{\rm Vol}(B_{1}(p))>{\rm v}>0 and u:B2​(p)→ℝu:B_{2}(p)\to\mathds{R} satisfies

|u|≤1,|u|\leq 1\,,
|Δ​u|≤1,|\Delta u|\leq 1\,,

then for every q<4q<4

⨏B1​(p)|∇2u|q≤C.\displaystyle\fint_{B_{1}(p)}|\nabla^{2}u|^{q}\leq C\,. (7.16)
Proof.

Note that by the Cheng-Yau gradient estimate, we have

supB3/2​(p)|∇u|≤C⁡(n).\displaystyle\sup_{B_{3/2}(p)}|\nabla u|\leq C(n)\,. (7.17)

Now using Theorem 1.3 we know for each ϵ>0\epsilon>0 that

Vol⁡(Tr​({x∈B1​(p):rh​(x)≤r}))≤Cϵ​(n,v,ϵ)​r4−ϵ.\displaystyle{\rm Vol}(T_{r}(\{x\in B_{1}(p):r_{h}(x)\leq r\}))\leq C_{\epsilon}(n,{\rm v},\epsilon)r^{4-\epsilon}\,. (7.18)

In particular, let us consider the sets

𝒞α≡{x∈B1​(p):rα≤rh​(x)≤rα−1},\displaystyle\mathcal{C}_{\alpha}\equiv\{x\in B_{1}(p):r_{\alpha}\leq r_{h}(x)\leq r_{\alpha-1}\}\,, (7.19)

where rα≡2−αr_{\alpha}\equiv 2^{-\alpha}. For the set 𝒞α\mathcal{C}_{\alpha}, we have the cover {Brα​(x)}x∈𝒞α\{B_{r_{\alpha}}(x)\}_{x\in\mathcal{C}_{\alpha}}. We can choose a finite subcovering {Brα/2​(xi)}1Nα\{B_{r_{\alpha}/2}(x_{i})\}_{1}^{N_{\alpha}} such that the balls Brα/8​(xi)B_{r_{\alpha}/8}(x_{i}) are mutually disjoint. Using (7.18) we have

Nα≤Cϵ​rα4−n−ϵ.\displaystyle N_{\alpha}\leq C_{\epsilon}r_{\alpha}^{4-n-\epsilon}\,. (7.20)

On each ball Brα/2​(xj)B_{r_{\alpha}/2}(x_{j}) we can use standard elliptic estimates along with the gradient bound |∇u|≤C⁡(n)|\nabla u|\leq C(n) to get the scale-invariant estimate

rαq​⨏Brα/2​(xj)|∇2u|q≤C⁡(n,v,q),\displaystyle r_{\alpha}^{q}\fint_{B_{r_{\alpha}/2}(x_{j})}|\nabla^{2}u|^{q}\leq C(n,{\rm v},q)\,, (7.21)

for any q<∞q<\infty. In particular, if we choose q<4q<4 and pick ϵ=4−q2\epsilon=\frac{4-q}{2}, then we have

∫Brα/2​(xj)|∇2u|q≤C⁡(n,v)​rαn−4+2​ϵ.\displaystyle\int_{B_{r_{\alpha}/2}(x_{j})}|\nabla^{2}u|^{q}\leq C(n,{\rm v})\,r_{\alpha}^{n-4+2\epsilon}\,. (7.22)

Combining this with (7.18) gives us

∫𝒞α|∇2u|q≤C⁡(n,v)​rαn−4+2​ϵ⋅Nα≤C⁡(n,v,q)​rαϵ.\displaystyle\int_{\mathcal{C}_{\alpha}}|\nabla^{2}u|^{q}\leq C(n,{\rm v})\,r_{\alpha}^{n-4+2\epsilon}\cdot N_{\alpha}\leq C(n,{\rm v},q)\,r_{\alpha}^{\epsilon}\,. (7.23)

Finally, by summing over 𝒞α\mathcal{C}_{\alpha} we get the estimate

∫B1​(p)|∇2u|q≤C⁡(n,v,p)​λq​∑αrαϵ=C​∑2−ϵ​α=C⁡(n,v,q),\displaystyle\int_{B_{1}(p)}|\nabla^{2}u|^{q}\leq C(n,{\rm v},p)\lambda^{q}\,\sum_{\alpha}r_{\alpha}^{\epsilon}=C\,\sum 2^{-\epsilon\alpha}=C(n,{\rm v},q)\,, (7.24)

as claimed. ∎

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