ScalingStacks

2.2. Example: toric orbifold [05CD]

Original official author HTML, exact retained edition. Historical TeX conversion verdicts remain unchanged. Cited-edition alignment and mathematical self-containment are not assessed.

Complete original source context · Original author HTML

2.2. Example: toric orbifold

This is an important toy example which provides the local description of Gibbons-Hawking solutions for more interesting cases. Here for the standard toric orbifold metric one can actually write down an explicit solution to the Gibbons-Hawking equations.

First we set up the notations. Let N≅ℤn+1N\cong\mathbb{Z}^{n+1} be an integral lattice in a real vector space Nℝ=N⊗ℝN_{\mathbb{R}}=N\otimes\mathbb{R}. Denote by N∗⊂Nℝ∗N^{*}\subset N_{\mathbb{R}}^{*} the dual lattice in the dual space.

Let τ\tau be an nn-simplex with vertices (w0,w1,…,wn)(w_{0},w_{1},\dots,w_{n}) in the lattice N≅ℤn+1N\cong\mathbb{Z}^{n+1}, whose affine distance from the origin is 1. That is, there is a vector ρ\rho in the dual lattice N∗N^{*} such that ⟨wi,ρ⟩=1\langle w_{i},\rho\rangle=1, all i=0,…,ni=0,\dots,n. Denote by 𝒯⊂Nℝ\mathcal{T}\subset N_{\mathbb{R}} the cone over τ\tau and by 𝒯∨⊂Nℝ∗\mathcal{T}^{\vee}\subset N_{\mathbb{R}}^{*} the dual cone.

Let X𝒯:=Spec[zm:m∈𝒯∨∩N∗]X_{\mathcal{T}}:=\operatorname{Spec}[z^{m}\ :\ m\in\mathcal{T}^{\vee}\cap N^{*}] be the associated affine toric variety (cf., e.g. [Ful93]). If ℤ⁡⟨w0,…,wn⟩\mathbb{Z}\langle w_{0},\dots,w_{n}\rangle denotes the (finite index) sublattice in NN generated by wiw_{i} and GG is the quotient group N/ℤ⁡⟨w0,…,wn⟩N/\mathbb{Z}\langle w_{0},\dots,w_{n}\rangle, then X𝒯X_{\mathcal{T}} is isomorphic to the orbifold ℂk+1/G\mathbb{C}^{k+1}/G.

The real torus Nℝ/NN_{\mathbb{R}}/N acts on X𝒯X_{\mathcal{T}}. But we will be interested rather in the action of its subtorus Tn:=(Nρ)ℝ/NρT^{n}:=({N_{\rho}})_{\mathbb{R}}/{N_{\rho}}, where Nρ:={v∈N:⟨v,ρ⟩=0}N_{\rho}:=\{v\in N\ :\ \langle v,\rho\rangle=0\}. The nn-dimensional subspace (Nρ)ℝ⊂Nℝ(N_{\rho})_{\mathbb{R}}\subset N_{\mathbb{R}} can be naturally identified with the Lie algebra 𝔱\mathfrak{t} of TnT^{n}. The dual quotient space Nℝ∗/ρN_{\mathbb{R}}^{*}/\rho is identified with 𝔱∗{\mathfrak{t}}^{*}.

Let Qiτ⊂Nℝ∗/ρQ^{\tau}_{i}\subset N_{\mathbb{R}}^{*}/\rho denote the open normal cones to the vertices wiw_{i} of τ\tau. Define a polyhedral complex Π⁡(τ)\Pi(\tau) in Nℝ∗/ρN_{\mathbb{R}}^{*}/\rho to be the union of walls separating the QiτQ^{\tau}_{i}’s:

Π⁡(τ):=⋃i≠jwalli​j,\Pi(\tau):=\bigcup_{i\neq j}\mathrm{wall}_{ij},

with the orientation of each wall determined by the ordering of {i,j}\{i,j\}. Another way to look at Π⁡(τ)\Pi(\tau) is as being the image of the union of (n−1)(n-1)-dimensional cones in 𝒯∨\mathcal{T}^{\vee} under the quotient map Nℝ∗→Nℝ∗/ρN_{\mathbb{R}}^{*}\to N_{\mathbb{R}}^{*}/\rho.

The vector ρ\rho lies in the interior of 𝒯∨\mathcal{T}^{\vee}, hence η=zρ:X𝒯→ℂ\eta=z^{\rho}:X_{\mathcal{T}}\to\mathbb{C} defines a regular function, which vanishes at the divisor in X𝒯X_{\mathcal{T}} corresponding to the boundary of 𝒯∨{\mathcal{T}}^{\vee}. Together with the moment map μ:X𝒯→𝔱∗\mu:X_{\mathcal{T}}\to{\mathfrak{t}}^{*} we have the torus fibration

(μ,η):X𝒯→Nℝ∗/ρ×ℂ,(\mu,\eta):X_{\mathcal{T}}\to N_{\mathbb{R}}^{*}/\rho\times\mathbb{C},

whose restriction to B∘=Nℝ∗/ρ×ℂ∖Π⁡(τ)×{0}B^{\circ}=N_{\mathbb{R}}^{*}/\rho\times\mathbb{C}\setminus\Pi(\tau)\times\{0\} is a principal TnT^{n}-bundle π:M→B∘\pi:M\to B^{\circ}.

To describe the topology of this bundle note that the homology group H2​(Nℝ∗/ρ∖Π⁡(τ),ℤ)H_{2}(N_{\mathbb{R}}^{*}/\rho\setminus\Pi(\tau),\mathbb{Z}) can be naturally identified with Λτ\Lambda_{\tau}, the (finite index) sublattice of NρN_{\rho} generated by the elements wi−wjw_{i}-w_{j} for all pairs of i,ji,j. Then the Chern class of this bundle

[ν]∈H2​(Nℝ∗/ρ∖Π⁡(τ),ℤ)⊗Nρ≅Hom⁡(Λτ,Nρ)[\nu]\in H^{2}(N_{\mathbb{R}}^{*}/\rho\setminus\Pi(\tau),\mathbb{Z})\otimes N_{\rho}\cong\operatorname{Hom}(\Lambda_{\tau},N_{\rho})

is the element given by the natural inclusion ι:Λτ↪Nρ\iota:\Lambda_{\tau}\hookrightarrow N_{\rho}.

The final piece of notation before we describe the standard orbifold metric on X𝒯X_{\mathcal{T}} is the (finite index) sublattice N′⊂NN^{\prime}\subset N generated by wiw_{i}’s. Let (N′)∗⊃N∗(N^{\prime})^{*}\supset N^{*} be its dual lattice. Let m0,…,mnm_{0},\dots,m_{n} be the minimal vectors in (N′)∗(N^{\prime})^{*} along the rays of 𝒯∨{\mathcal{T}}^{\vee}.

In polar coordinates the standard orbifold metric on the algebraic torus (ℂ∗)n+1⊂X𝒯(\mathbb{C}^{*})^{n+1}\subset X_{\mathcal{T}} will be

h=∑i=0n(d​|zmi|+−1​|zmi|​⟨mi,d​θ⟩)⊗(d​|zmi​|−−1|​zmi|​⟨mi,d​θ⟩).h=\sum_{i=0}^{n}(d|z^{m_{i}}|+\sqrt{-1}|z^{m_{i}}|\langle m_{i},d\theta\rangle)\otimes(d|z^{m_{i}}|-\sqrt{-1}|z^{m_{i}}|\langle m_{i},d\theta\rangle).

The functions zmiz^{m_{i}} are defined only on the |G||G|-fold covering space of X𝒯X_{\mathcal{T}}, but |z|mi|z|^{m_{i}} are well defined on X𝒯X_{\mathcal{T}} itself. So are the differential forms ⟨mi,d​θ⟩\langle m_{i},d\theta\rangle.

To write this metric in the Gibbons-Hawking ansatz we choose a basis {ei}\{e_{i}\} of Nρ=𝔱N_{\rho}=\mathfrak{t}. Evaluating the moment map on the basis vectors defines the coordinates ui=μ⁡(ei)u_{i}=\mu(e_{i}) on Nℝ∗/ρ=𝔱∗N_{\mathbb{R}}^{*}/\rho={\mathfrak{t}}^{*}, thus giving an identification Nℝ∗/ρN_{\mathbb{R}}^{*}/\rho with ℝn\mathbb{R}^{n}. The metric on each phase torus T|z|:={z:|z|mi=c​o​n​s​t}≅Nℝ/NT_{|z|}:=\{z\ :\ |z|^{m_{i}}=const\}\cong N_{\mathbb{R}}/N is constant, and, hence, it is given by a quadratic form Q|z|Q_{|z|} on NℝN_{\mathbb{R}}. Let (V−1)i​j(V^{-1})^{ij} be the matrix of restriction of Q|z|Q_{|z|} to (Nρ)ℝ(N_{\rho})_{\mathbb{R}} in the basis {ei}\{e_{i}\}. Then the functions Vi​jV^{ij} and W=detVi​jW=\det V^{ij} give a solution to the GH equations.

Note that the top degree holomorphic form Ωτ\Omega_{\tau} coincide with the push forward under the projection ℂn+1→ℂn+1/G\mathbb{C}^{n+1}\to\mathbb{C}^{n+1}/G of the standard volume form on ℂn+1\mathbb{C}^{n+1}.

As an illustration free of orbifold complications let us write the ansatz for the standard Euclidean metric on ℂn+1\mathbb{C}^{n+1} explicitly. In this case, τ\tau is the standard nn-simplex in N:=ℤn+1N:=\mathbb{Z}^{n+1}, i.e. wiw_{i} form a basis in NN. We will fix the coordinates zi=|zi|​ei​θiz_{i}=|z_{i}|e^{i\theta_{i}} on ℂn+1\mathbb{C}^{n+1}. The action of the torus

Tn={(θ0,…,θn):∑θi=0}T^{n}=\{(\theta_{0},\dots,\theta_{n})\ :\ \sum\theta_{i}=0\}

on ℂn+1\mathbb{C}^{n+1} gives rise to a principal TnT^{n}-bundle over M=ℝn×ℂ∖Π⁡(τ)×{0}M=\mathbb{R}^{n}\times\mathbb{C}\setminus\Pi(\tau)\times\{0\}. Then, in the Gibbons-Hawking coordinates the metric on MM can be written as

h=(V−1)i​j​(Vk​i​d​uk+−1⋅Ai)⊗(Vk​j​d​uk−−1⋅Aj)+W​d​η⊗d​η¯,h=(V^{-1})^{ij}(V^{ki}du_{k}+\sqrt{-1}\cdot A_{i})\otimes(V^{kj}du_{k}-\sqrt{-1}\cdot A_{j})+Wd\eta\otimes d\bar{\eta},

where

ui=|zi|2−|z0|2,i=1,…,n,η=z0z1…zn,\displaystyle u_{i}=|z_{i}|^{2}-|z_{0}|^{2},\ i=1,\dots,n,\qquad\eta=z_{0}z_{1}\dots z_{n},
W−1=|z0​z1​…​zn|2​(1|z0|2+1|z1|2+⋯+1|zn|2),\displaystyle W^{-1}=|z_{0}z_{1}\dots z_{n}|^{2}\left(\frac{1}{|z_{0}|^{2}}+\frac{1}{|z_{1}|^{2}}+\dots+\frac{1}{|z_{n}|^{2}}\right),
(V−1)i​j=|z0|2+δi​j​|zi|2,\displaystyle(V^{-1})^{ij}=|z_{0}|^{2}+\delta^{ij}|z_{i}|^{2},
Aj=d​θj−W​|z0​z1​…​zk^​…​zn|2⋅d⁡(θ0+θ1+⋯+θn).\displaystyle A_{j}=d\theta_{j}-W|z_{0}z_{1}\dots\widehat{z_{k}}\dots z_{n}|^{2}\cdot d(\theta_{0}+\theta_{1}+\dots+\theta_{n}).

The above expressions degenerate whenever two or more of the coordinates ziz_{i} vanish. Thus, the discriminant locus D⊂ℝn×ℂD\subset\mathbb{R}^{n}\times\mathbb{C} is given by u∈Π⁡(τ)u\in\Pi(\tau) and η=0\eta=0. However, when written in the Euclidean coordinates the metric extends from MM to the standard flat metric h=∑i=0nd​zi⊗d​z¯ih=\sum_{i=0}^{n}dz_{i}\otimes d\bar{z}_{i} on ℂn+1\mathbb{C}^{n+1}.

Original mathematics by the credited authors. Source-backed reader collection; mathematical self-containment is not assessed.