2.3. Non-flat orbifold metrics [05CE]
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2.3. Non-flat orbifold metrics
We start with a -torus bundle which has the same topology as the orbifold bundle above. It is convenient to encode the topological information about the bundle by rewriting the equation (5) for the curvature in a distributional form. Let be the -valued 1-current supported on defined by
| (9) |
for an -form . Then adding the distributional equation
| (10) |
to the Gibbons-Hawking ansatz will automatically guarantee that the fibration has the right Chern class. Here stands for the two-current associated to the origin in (the Dirac delta-function).
A remark on notation: and in (10) really mean the pull back of the corresponding currents to the product . We will continue to abuse this notation throughout the rest of the paper when there is no confusion possible.
Lemma 2.2.
Suppose we have a Gibbons-Hawking solution on , that is, a positive definite matrix function locally given by such that , which satisfy the distributional equation (10) in and, in addition, . Then the total space of the torus bundle can be compactified to the fibration such that is biholomorphic (in the orbifold sense) to in a manner which respects the map
In particular, such solution defines a complete Ricci-flat Kähler metric on the orbifold with the standard holomorphic volume form .
Proof.
The discriminant locus is of codimension 3 in and has a nice simplicial stratification. Using this stratification the topological compactification from to follows by extending the argument of [Gro01, Prop. 2.9] to arbitrary dimensions and including the orbifold singularities. To prove the matching of complex structure we will follow closely [LeB91] where the argument is given for the case.
Let be the Hamiltonian vector fields generating the -action on . Consider the commuting vector fields
| (11) |
where
denote the horizontal lifts of the , and is the complex structure. Since the preserve both the metric and the complex structure, it follows that the are holomorphic vector fields. Moreover, the their flows are complete because
| (12) |
hence, the generate a holomorphic action of on .
The orbit structure of this action is easily seen to be identical with the toric -action on the orbifold . Namely, for each subspace
the set is a union of orbits. For the is a single orbit, where as the decomposes into orbits isomorphic to and a bunch of smaller dimensional orbits according to the polyhedral decomposition of induced by .
Consider the following subsets of :
We can cover the space by open sets . Each map defines a holomorphic principal -bundle over . Since is Stein and contractible we conclude that each is biholomorphic to the product .
Now notice that the bundle structures on agree on their intersection . Thus, is biholomorphic to the quotient space
where the equivalence relation is of the form
| (13) |
for some cocycle with values in the holomorphic maps . But any automorphism of the principal homogeneous space is given by an -tuple of non-zero complex numbers. In other words, each is an -tuple of holomorphic functions . Another choice of trivializations amounts to modifying the cocycle by a coboundary. That is, the biholomorphism type of is determined by the singularities of at .
Next we notice that if any of the had an essential singularity at 0, then it would be possible to find a sequence of points in converging to several distinct points. Hence would not even be Hausdorff. Hence, every singularity has to be removable. But the orders of vanishing of the can be read off from the residues of the 1-forms , and this is a topological information given by the Chern class of the original -bundle. THus, the claimed biholomorphism is established on , and it can be extended to by an orbifold version of the Hartog’s theorem.
In order to show that the holomorphic volume form is necessary the standard one we will prove the following (stronger) statement. Given two sets of commuting vector fields and generating the -actions on which agree topologically, there is a biholomorphism such that . Then, taking to be the standard action on yields the claim about the volume form.
Let together with form a basis of topologically compatible with and . That is, if and are the two sets of coordinates, such that in the respective coordinates and on the big toric orbit , then the transition maps between these coordinates and the standard ones extends from to the whole of without zeros/poles. As a consequence, if we write
then the matrix is invertible and extends to .
The goal is to find a change of coordinates which would induce such a Jacobian matrix. Using the chain rule
this amounts to solving the differential system
| (14) |
which, in general, is overdetermined.
However, in our case there are several restrictions on . Namely, note that the forms
are closed and have to satisfy the periodicity requirements of the action:
where is the generating cycle in the -th factor of in . Then, by writing in the power series form
| (15) |
we conclude that for , except for , and if there exists an with . Hence, one can simultaneously solve the equations
for all , and write down the power series solution to (14):
that converges on the same polydisk in as the power series (15) for does. These functions provide the desired coordinate change. ∎
It is an interesting problem to exhibit the existence (and abundance) of the Gibbons-Hawking solutions. For instance, one can try to deform the standard (flat) orbifold metric. Applying continuity method techniques (cf. [GT83, Ch. 17]) this amounts to inverting a second order linear elliptic differential operator – the linearization of the GH operator at the flat solution. The difficulty is that one of the eigenvalues of its symbol blows off as we approach the discriminant.
In two dimensions (the original GH ansatz [Haw77],[GH78]) the equation becomes the usual Laplace equation. Since there are no positive harmonic functions on except constants, any solution has the form
where is the length of , and is a positive constant. This defines the famous Taub-NUT metric – the first example of a non-trivial complete Kähler Ricci-flat metric on and its quotients by cyclic groups.