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2.4. Periodic solutions [05CH]

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2.4. Periodic solutions

The goal here is to set up the Gibbons-Hawking ansatz in such a way that the resulting complex manifold is identifiable with the local model for a Calabi-Yau toric hypersurface. There are no explicit solutions known in dimension higher than 2, unlike the orbifold case. But we will try to make use of the ansatz to get some information about the limiting behavior of solutions in certain degenerations.

We will adapt the notations from the orbifold example. Namely, τ={w0,…,wn}\tau=\{w_{0},\dots,w_{n}\} is a simplex (but now not necessarily of codimension 1) in the lattice N≅ℤn+l+1N\cong\mathbb{Z}^{n+l+1}, which has the distance 1 from the origin. Let σ={v0,…,vl}\sigma=\{v_{0},\dots,v_{l}\} be a simplex in N∗N^{*} such that ⟨σ,τ⟩=1\langle\sigma,\tau\rangle=1. In particular, it means that σ\sigma also has distance 1 from the origin. Let Nσ⊂NN_{\sigma}\subset N and Nτ∗⊂N∗N^{*}_{\tau}\subset N^{*} be the sublattices orthogonal to σ\sigma and τ\tau, respectively. And let

Nℝ∗/σ:=Nℝ∗/⟨v0,…,vl⟩,Nℝ/τ:=Nℝ/⟨w0,…,wn⟩N_{\mathbb{R}}^{*}/\sigma:=N_{\mathbb{R}}^{*}/\langle v_{0},\dots,v_{l}\rangle,\quad N_{\mathbb{R}}/\tau:=N_{\mathbb{R}}/\langle w_{0},\dots,w_{n}\rangle

be the corresponding (dual) quotients. The polyhedral complex Π⁡(τ)\Pi(\tau) provides a polyhedral decomposition of Nℝ∗/σN^{*}_{\mathbb{R}}/\sigma into cells QiτQ_{i}^{\tau} and γτ\gamma_{\tau} is the associated 1-current supported on Π⁡(τ)\Pi(\tau), as before. Also, we define the cone 𝒯:=cone⁡(τ)\mathcal{T}:=\operatorname{cone}(\tau) in NℝN_{\mathbb{R}}, its dual 𝒯∨⊂Nℝ∗\mathcal{T}^{\vee}\subset N^{*}_{\mathbb{R}} and let

X𝒯:=Spec[zm:m∈𝒯∨∩N∗]X_{\mathcal{T}}:=\operatorname{Spec}[z^{m}\ :\ m\in\mathcal{T}^{\vee}\cap N^{*}]

be the associated affine toric variety.

Every vertex vi∈σv_{i}\in\sigma lies in the interior of 𝒯∨\mathcal{T}^{\vee}, and, hence the monomials zviz^{v_{i}} belong to the coordinate ring of X𝒯X_{\mathcal{T}}. Let Zσ,τZ_{\sigma,\tau} denote the closure of the affine hypersurface

{z∈(ℂ∗)k+l+1:∑i=0lzvi=1}\{z\in(\mathbb{C}^{*})^{k+l+1}\ :\ \sum_{i=0}^{l}z^{v_{i}}=1\}

in the toric variety X𝒯X_{\mathcal{T}}.

The real torus Tn:=(Nσ)ℝ/NσT^{n}:=(N_{\sigma})_{\mathbb{R}}/N_{\sigma} acts on X𝒯X_{\mathcal{T}} and leaves the hypersurface Zσ,τZ_{\sigma,\tau} invariant. We assume that this action is a holomorphic isometry and denote by μ:Zσ,τ→Nℝ∗/σ\mu:Z_{\sigma,\tau}\to N_{\mathbb{R}}^{*}/\sigma the corresponding moment map.

The natural inclusion Nτ∗⊂𝒯∨∩N∗N^{*}_{\tau}\subset\mathcal{T}^{\vee}\cap N^{*} gives the projection κ:X𝒯→Tτ\kappa:X_{\mathcal{T}}\to T_{\tau} onto the algebraic torus Tτ:=Spec[zm:m∈Nτ∗]T_{\tau}:=\operatorname{Spec}[z^{m}\ :\ m\in N^{*}_{\tau}]. A choice of ρ∈N∗\rho\in N^{*}, such that ⟨ρ,τ⟩=1\langle\rho,\tau\rangle=1, defines the polynomial

Pσ​(z):=z−ρ​∑i=0lzvi,P_{\sigma}(z):=z^{-\rho}\sum_{i=0}^{l}z^{v_{i}},

which can be thought of as a polynomial in TτT_{\tau}. The zero divisor of PσP_{\sigma} does not depend on the choice of ρ\rho and let Γσ\Gamma_{\sigma} denote the 2-current in TτT_{\tau} associated to it.

We will consider the map (μ,κ):Zσ,τ→Nℝ∗/σ×Tτ(\mu,\kappa):Z_{\sigma,\tau}\to N_{\mathbb{R}}^{*}/\sigma\times T_{\tau} as a torus fibration with the discriminant locus D=Π(τ)×{Pσ(z)=0}D=\Pi(\tau)\times\{P_{\sigma}(z)=0\}. When restricted to a domain B⊂Nℝ∗/σ×TτB\subset N_{\mathbb{R}}^{*}/\sigma\times T_{\tau} it defines a torus fibration Zσ,τ​(B)→BZ_{\sigma,\tau}(B)\to B which is a principal TnT^{n}-bundle over B∘:=B∖DB^{\circ}:=B\setminus D. The Chern class is given, as before, by the inclusion ι:Λτ↪Nσ\iota:\Lambda_{\tau}\hookrightarrow N_{\sigma}.

If the torus action is a holomorphic isometry a Ricci-flat metric on Zσ,τ​(B)Z_{\sigma,\tau}(B) can be written in the Gibbons-Hawking form. Our main goal of this section is to prove the converse. That is if we have a GH solution with the right Chern class then it defines a Ricci-flat metric on Zσ,τ​(B)Z_{\sigma,\tau}(B).

To write everything in coordinates we choose a basis {ei}\{e_{i}\} in NσN_{\sigma} and a basis {mp}\{m_{p}\} in Nτ∗N^{*}_{\tau}. This will defines the coordinates ui:=μ⁡(ei)u_{i}:=\mu(e_{i}) on Nℝ∗/σ≅ℝnN_{\mathbb{R}}^{*}/\sigma\cong\mathbb{R}^{n} and ηp:=log⁡(zmp)=⟨mp,log⁡z⟩\eta_{p}:=\log(z^{m_{p}})=\langle m_{p},\log z\rangle on Tτ≅(ℂ∗)lT_{\tau}\cong(\mathbb{C}^{*})^{l}.

Definition.

Given a domain B{B} in ℝn×(ℂ∗)l\mathbb{R}^{n}\times(\mathbb{C}^{*})^{l} a (σ,τ)(\sigma,\tau)-type solution to the Gibbons-Hawking ansatz in B{B} are two positive definite matrix functions – a real Vi​jV^{ij} and a hermitian Wp​qW^{pq} – on B∘B^{\circ} locally given by a potential:

Vi​j=∂2Φ∂uj​∂uj,Wp​q=−4​∂2Φ∂ηp​∂η¯q,1≤i,j≤n,n+1≤p,q≤n+l,V^{ij}=\frac{\partial^{2}\Phi}{\partial u_{j}\partial u_{j}},\quad W^{pq}=-4\frac{\partial^{2}\Phi}{\partial\eta_{p}\partial\bar{\eta}_{q}},\qquad 1\leq i,j\leq n,\quad n+1\leq p,q\leq n+l,

such that detVi​j=detWp​q\det V^{ij}=\det W^{pq} and the distributional equation

(16) −14​π​(∂2Wp​q∂ui​∂uj+4​∂2Vi​j∂ηp​∂η¯q)​d​ui∧d​ηp∧d​η¯q=γτj​(u)∧Γσ​(η)\frac{\sqrt{-1}}{4\pi}\left(\frac{\partial^{2}W^{pq}}{\partial u_{i}\partial u_{j}}+4\frac{\partial^{2}V^{ij}}{\partial\eta_{p}\partial\bar{\eta}_{q}}\right)du_{i}\wedge d\eta_{p}\wedge d\bar{\eta}_{q}=\gamma^{j}_{\tau}(u)\wedge\Gamma_{\sigma}(\eta)

is satisfied in B{B}.

The topological information about the bundle is again encoded in right hand side of the equation (16).

To state the compatibility with the desired holomorphic volume form we recall (cf., e.g., [Bat93]) that given an affine hypersurface Zf={f(z)=0}⊂(ℂ∗)N+1Z_{f}=\{f(z)=0\}\subset(\mathbb{C}^{*})^{N+1} there is a distinguished top degree holomorphic form ΩC​Y\Omega_{CY} on ZfZ_{f}, which is defined as a Poincaré residue of the meromorphic (N+1)(N+1)-form

d​z0∧⋯∧d​zNf⋅z0​…​zN\frac{dz_{0}\wedge\dots\wedge dz_{N}}{f\cdot z_{0}\dots z_{N}}

on (ℂ∗)N+1(\mathbb{C}^{*})^{N+1} with a single pole along ZfZ_{f}. This form is special in the following sense. If the hypersurface ZfZ_{f} is compactified to a Calabi-Yau hypersurface in a projective toric variety, then ΩC​Y\Omega_{CY} is the restriction of the unique (up to a scalar multiple) non-vanishing holomorphic volume form on the Calabi-Yau manifold (orbifold).

Proposition 2.3.

Given a (σ,τ)(\sigma,\tau)-type Gibbons-Hawking solution on a domain BB, the total space of the torus bundle M→B∘M\to B^{\circ} can be compactified to the fibration M¯→B\bar{M}\to B such that M¯\bar{M} is biholomorphic (in the orbifold sense) to Zσ,τ​(B)Z_{\sigma,\tau}(B) in a manner which respects the fibration

π:Zσ,τ→Tτ.\pi:Z_{\sigma,\tau}\to T_{\tau}.

In particular, such a solution defines a Ricci-flat Kähler (orbifold) metric on Zσ,τ​(B)Z_{\sigma,\tau}(B) with the holomorphic volume form Ω=ΩC​Y\Omega=\Omega_{CY}.

Proof.

The topological compactification again can be drawn from [Gro01, Prop. 2.9]. All we need to show is that a GH solution with asymptotics determined by (16) produces the right complex structure on MM, which would then uniquely extend to M¯\bar{M} by the orbifold version of Hartog’s theorem. But this is a purely local question and it follows directly from Lemma 2.2 dropping the completeness condition (12) that becomes irrelevant.

To see matching of the volume forms let us choose local complex coordinates {η~1,…,η~l}\{\tilde{\eta}_{1},\dots,\tilde{\eta}_{l}\} on (ℂ∗)l(\mathbb{C}^{*})^{l} such that the local equation for {Pσ=0}\{P_{\sigma}=0\} is η~1=0\tilde{\eta}_{1}=0. In these coordinates the top degree holomorphic form on MM will be Ω=Ωτ∧d​η2∧⋯∧ηl\Omega=\Omega_{\tau}\wedge d\eta_{2}\wedge\dots\wedge\eta_{l}, where Ωτ\Omega_{\tau} is the standard orbifold volume form. Then, Ω\Omega is easily seen to coincide with the local expression for the distinguished form ΩC​Y\Omega_{CY} on Zσ,τZ_{\sigma,\tau}. ∎

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