ScalingStacks

Proof of Theorem 4.3 . [03I3]

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Proof of Theorem 4.3.

Let uu satisfy Δg​u=0\Delta_{g}u=0 (X4,g)(X^{4},g). We also assume that uu satisfies the asymptotic behavior

(4.170) u=O⁡(eℓ0​z)u=O(e^{\ell_{0}z})

for some ℓ0∈(0,1)\ell_{0}\in(0,1). The main part of the proof is to determine a positive number ℓ0>0\ell_{0}>0 such that if (4.170) holds, then uu has at most linear growth at infinity, which enables us to apply Lemma 4.17.

By assumption, there is a diffeomorphism

(4.171) Φ:X4∖K⟶[102,+∞)×Y3\Phi:X^{4}\setminus K\longrightarrow[10^{2},+\infty)\times Y^{3}

such that for all k≥0k\geq 0

(4.172) ‖g−Φ∗​g𝒞‖Ck≤C​e−δ​z.\|g-\Phi^{*}g_{\mathcal{C}}\|_{C^{k}}\leq Ce^{-\delta z}.

To obtain an accurate growth order of uu, we will study the equation of uu in terms of the metric g𝒞g_{\mathcal{C}} on the model space [102,+∞)×Y3[10^{2},+\infty)\times Y^{3}.

First, we will show that a harmonic function on (X4,g)(X^{4},g) with exponential growth is well behaved in terms of the model metric g𝒞g_{\mathcal{C}} near infinity. Preciesly, we will prove the following claim.

Claim 4.18.

Assume that (X4,g)(X^{4},g) is δ\delta-asymptotically Calabi. Let δ^∈(0,δ/10)\hat{\delta}\in(0,\delta/10) such that uu satisfies

(4.173) Δg​u=0u=O⁡(eδ^​z),\displaystyle\begin{split}\Delta_{g}u&=0\\ u&=O(e^{\hat{\delta}z}),\end{split}

then for every fixed k∈ℤ+k\in\mathbb{Z}_{+}, let 𝐱0∈[T0(k),+∞)×Y3\bm{x}_{0}\in[T_{0}(k),+\infty)\times Y^{3} with T0​(k)≥100k3>0T_{0}(k)\geq 100^{k^{3}}>0 and denote z0≡z⁡(𝐱0)z_{0}\equiv z(\bm{x}_{0}), we have

(4.174) ‖∇kΔg𝒞​u​(𝒙0)‖≤C⁡(k,g)⋅e−δ​z02.\|\nabla^{k}\Delta_{g_{\mathcal{C}}}u(\bm{x}_{0})\|\leq C(k,g)\cdot e^{-\frac{\delta z_{0}}{2}}.
Proof.

Denoting ϕ≡(Δg−Δg𝒞)​u\phi\equiv(\Delta_{g}-\Delta_{g_{\mathcal{C}}})u, then Δg​u=0\Delta_{g}u=0 implies

(4.175) Δg𝒞​u+ϕ=0.\Delta_{g_{\mathcal{C}}}u+\phi=0.

We will show that for each k∈ℕk\in\mathbb{N} we have

(4.176) ‖∇kϕ​(𝒙0)‖≤C⁡(k,g)⋅e−δ​z02,\|\nabla^{k}\phi(\bm{x}_{0})\|\leq C(k,g)\cdot e^{-\frac{\delta z_{0}}{2}},

where C⁡(k,g)>0C(k,g)>0 depends only on k∈ℕk\in\mathbb{N} and the curvature bound of the cutoff region (X4∖K,g)(X^{4}\setminus K,g).

The higher order derivative estimate will be proved by the Wk,pW^{k,p}-estimate for harmonic functions on the complete space (X4,g)(X^{4},g). Since the metric gg is collapsing near the infinity, the standard elliptic estimate cannot be directly applied. To overcome this difficulty, we will scale up the metric g~=λ2​g\tilde{g}=\lambda^{2}g such that B1​(𝒙𝟎)B_{1}(\bm{x_{0}}) is non-collapsing for g~\tilde{g} which guarantees the elliptic estimate holds in terms of the rescaled metric g~\tilde{g}. For fixed 𝒙0∈[T0(k),+∞)\bm{x}_{0}\in[T_{0}(k),+\infty), we take

(4.177) λ=z012\lambda=z_{0}^{\frac{1}{2}}

and hence there is some constant v0>0v_{0}>0 which is independent of the zz-coordinate such that

(4.178) Volg~⁡(B1​(𝒙𝟎))≥v0>0.\Vol_{\tilde{g}}(B_{1}(\bm{x_{0}}))\geq v_{0}>0.

By explicit calculation on the model space 𝒞\mathcal{C} using (4.4) one easily sees that curvatures are uniformly bounded in a ball of definite size of radius, i.e.

(4.179) supB2​(𝒙𝟎)‖Rm‖g~≤Λ0,\sup\limits_{B_{2}(\bm{x_{0}})}\|\Rm\|_{\tilde{g}}\leq\Lambda_{0},

where Λ0>0\Lambda_{0}>0 is independent of the zz-coordinate. It follows that for every k∈ℕk\in\mathbb{N} and 1<p<∞1<p<\infty, there exists C⁡(k,v0,Λ0,p)>0C(k,v_{0},\Lambda_{0},p)>0 such that under the rescaled metric g~\tilde{g},

(4.180) ‖u‖Wg~k+2,p​(B1​(x0))≤C​‖u‖Wg~k,p​(B1+1k2​(x0)),\|u\|_{W_{\tilde{g}}^{k+2,p}(B_{1}(x_{0}))}\leq C\|u\|_{W_{\tilde{g}}^{k,p}(B_{1+\frac{1}{k^{2}}}(x_{0}))},

which implies that for every k∈ℤ+k\in\mathbb{Z}_{+},

(4.181) ‖u‖Wg~k,p​(B1​(x0))≤C​supB3​(𝒙0)|u|.\|u\|_{W_{\tilde{g}}^{k,p}(B_{1}(x_{0}))}\leq C\sup\limits_{B_{3}(\bm{x}_{0})}|u|.

Therefore, for every k∈ℤ+k\in\mathbb{Z}_{+} and sufficiently large p∈(1,∞)p\in(1,\infty), applying the Sobolev embedding on (B4/3​(𝒙0),g~)(B_{4/3}(\bm{x}_{0}),\tilde{g}), there exists C⁡(k,p,v0,Λ0)>0C(k,p,v_{0},\Lambda_{0})>0 such that

(4.182) supB1​(𝒙0)|∇ku|g~≤C​‖∇k+1u‖Lp​(B4/3​(x0)).\sup\limits_{B_{1}(\bm{x}_{0})}|\nabla^{k}u|_{\tilde{g}}\leq C\|\nabla^{k+1}u\|_{L^{p}(B_{4/3}(x_{0}))}.

By (4.181) and the growth assumption on uu, there is some constant C>0C>0 such that

(4.183) supB1​(𝒙0)|∇ku|g~≤C​supB2​(𝒙0)|u|≤C​eδ^​z0.\sup\limits_{B_{1}(\bm{x}_{0})}|\nabla^{k}u|_{\tilde{g}}\leq C\sup\limits_{B_{2}(\bm{x}_{0})}|u|\leq Ce^{\hat{\delta}z_{0}}.

In terms of the original metric gg, we have

(4.184) |∇ku​(𝒙0)|g≤supB1/λ​(𝒙0)|∇ku|g≤C⋅z02​k​eδ^​z0<C​eδ′​z0,|\nabla^{k}u(\bm{x}_{0})|_{g}\leq\sup\limits_{B_{1/\lambda}(\bm{x}_{0})}|\nabla^{k}u|_{g}\leq C\cdot z_{0}^{2k}e^{\hat{\delta}z_{0}}<Ce^{\delta^{\prime}z_{0}},

where δ′∈(δ^,(1+10−3)​δ^)\delta^{\prime}\in\Big(\hat{\delta},(1+10^{-3})\hat{\delta}\Big).

Next, by (4.172), there is some constant δ>0\delta>0 such that

(4.185) ‖Φ∗​g𝒞−g‖Ck​(B2​(𝒙0))≤Ck​e−δ​z.\|\Phi^{*}g_{\mathcal{C}}-g\|_{C^{k}(B_{2}(\bm{x}_{0}))}\leq C_{k}e^{-\delta z}.

then the elliptic estimate (4.184) and (4.185) imply that

(4.186) |ϕ⁡(𝒙0)|=|(Δg−Δg𝒞)​u​(𝒙0)|≤C​e−δ⋅z02|\phi(\bm{x}_{0})|=|(\Delta_{g}-\Delta_{g_{\mathcal{C}}})u(\bm{x}_{0})|\leq Ce^{-\frac{\delta\cdot z_{0}}{2}}

and similarly

(4.187) |∇kϕ​(𝒙0)|≤Ck​e−δ⋅z02.|\nabla^{k}\phi(\bm{x}_{0})|\leq C_{k}e^{-\frac{\delta\cdot z_{0}}{2}}.

∎

The above error estimate enables us to construct a harmonic function with respect to the model metric g𝒞g_{\mathcal{C}} on [102,+∞)×Y3[10^{2},+\infty)\times Y^{3} which has at most linear growth and is exponentially close to the original function uu. Let

(4.188) ℓ0∈(0,min⁡{δ102,δ¯}),\ell_{0}\in\Big(0,\min\{\frac{\delta}{10^{2}},\underline{\delta}\}\Big),

where δ¯>0\underline{\delta}>0 is the constant in Proposition 4.10. By assumption the harmonic function uu satisfies the asymptotic behavior,

(4.189) u=O⁡(eℓ0​z).u=O(e^{\ell_{0}z}).

Then applying the above claim and Proposition 4.15 on [T0,+∞)×Y3[T_{0},+\infty)\times Y^{3}, there exists a solution to the equation

(4.190) Δg𝒞​v=ϕ\Delta_{g_{\mathcal{C}}}v=\phi

such that

(4.191) v=O⁡(e−ℓ​z)v=O(e^{-\ell z})

for some ℓ∈(−δ/2,0)\ell\in(-\delta/2,0). Therefore, combine (4.175) and (4.190), we have

(4.192) 0=Δg​(u)=Δg𝒞​(u+v),\displaystyle 0=\Delta_{g}(u)=\Delta_{g_{\mathcal{C}}}(u+v),

and u+v=O⁡(eℓ0​z)u+v=O(e^{\ell_{0}z}). Since 0<ℓ0<10<\ell_{0}<1 has been specified in (4.188), now we are in a position to apply Proposition 4.10 to u+vu+v, which shows that

(4.193) (u+v)=a​z+b+O⁡(e−δ¯​z),(u+v)=az+b+O(e^{-\underline{\delta}z}),

and hence in the non-compact part [T0,+∞)×Y3[T_{0},+\infty)\times Y^{3},

(4.194) u=a​z+b+O⁡(e−δ′′​z),δ′′≡min⁡{ℓ,δ¯}.\displaystyle u=az+b+O(e^{-\delta^{\prime\prime}z}),\ \delta^{\prime\prime}\equiv\min\{\ell,\underline{\delta}\}.

The above asymptotics immediately implies that

(4.195) |d​u|g→0​as​z→∞.|du|_{g}\to 0\ \text{as}\ z\to\infty.

Let ΔH\Delta_{H} be the Hodge-Laplacian on (X4,g)(X^{4},g). Since Δg​u=0\Delta_{g}u=0, it holds that

(4.196) ΔH​(d​u)=d​d∗​(d​u)=−d​Δg​u=0.\Delta_{H}(du)=dd^{*}(du)=-d\Delta_{g}u=0.

Since the complete space (X4,g)(X^{4},g) satisfies Ricg≥0\Ric_{g}\geq 0, and |d​u||du| satisfies the decay property (4.195), applying Lemma 4.17 implies that

(4.197) |d​u|g≡0​on​X4.|du|_{g}\equiv 0\ \text{on}\ X^{4}.

Therefore, uu has to be a constant. ∎

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