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6 Currents on algebraic varieties [036X]

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6 Currents on algebraic varieties

In this section, KK is an algebraically closed field endowed with a non-trivial non-archimedean complete absolute value |⁣||\phantom{a}|. We consider an open subset WW of Xan{X^{\rm an}} for an algebraic variety XX over KK of dimension nn. Similarly as in the complex case, we will first define a topology on Acp,q​(W)A_{c}^{p,q}(W) and then we will define currents as continuous linear functionals on this space. We will see that the Poincaré–Lelong equation holds for a rational function.

6.1

Let (Vi,φUi)i∈I(V_{i},\varphi_{U_{i}})_{i\in I} be finitely many tropical charts contained in ViV_{i} and let Δi\Delta_{i} be a polytope contained in the open subset Ωi:=tropUi​(Vi)\Omega_{i}:={\rm trop}_{U_{i}}(V_{i}) of Trop⁡(Ui){\rm Trop}(U_{i}). We consider the space Ap,q(Vi,Ui,Δi:i∈I)A^{p,q}(V_{i},U_{i},\Delta_{i}:i\in I) of (p,q)(p,q)-forms α\alpha on WW with support in C:=⋃i∈ItropUi−1​(Δi)C:=\bigcup_{i\in I}{\rm trop}_{U_{i}}^{-1}(\Delta_{i}) such that α\alpha is given on ViV_{i} by a superform αi∈Ap,q​(Ωi)\alpha_{i}\in A^{p,q}(\Omega_{i}) for every i∈Ii\in I. Since the tropicalization map is proper (see 4.4), the set CC is compact. Similarly as in the complex case, we endow Ap,q(Vi,Ui,Δi:i∈I)A^{p,q}(V_{i},U_{i},\Delta_{i}:i\in I) with the structure of a locally convex space such that a sequence αk\alpha_{k} converges to α\alpha if and only if all derivatives of the superforms αk,i\alpha_{k,i} converge uniformly to the derivatives of the superform αi\alpha_{i} on Δi\Delta_{i}. Here, αk,i\alpha_{k,i} (resp. αi\alpha_{i}) is the superform on Ωi\Omega_{i} which defines αk\alpha_{k} (resp. α\alpha) on ViV_{i} and we mean more precisely the derivatives of the coefficients of αk,i|Δi\alpha_{k,i}|_{\Delta_{i}} (resp. αi|Δi\alpha_{i}|_{\Delta_{i}}). It follows easily from Proposition 4.16 that Acp,q​(W)A_{c}^{p,q}(W) is the union of all spaces Ap,q(Vi,Ui,Δi:i∈I)A^{p,q}(V_{i},U_{i},\Delta_{i}:i\in I) with (Vi,Ui,Δi:i∈I)(V_{i},U_{i},\Delta_{i}:i\in I) ranging over all possibilities as above.

6.2

A current on an open subset WW of Xan{X^{\rm an}} is a linear functional TT on Acp,q​(W)A_{c}^{p,q}(W) such that the restriction of TT to all subspaces Ap,q(Vi,Ui,Δi:i∈I)A^{p,q}(V_{i},U_{i},\Delta_{i}:i\in I) is continuous. The space of currents is a C∞​(W)C^{\infty}(W)-module denoted by Dp,q​(W)D_{p,q}(W). As usual, we define the differential operators d′d^{\prime}, d′′d^{\prime\prime} and d:=d′+d′′d:=d^{\prime}+d^{\prime\prime} on the total space of currents D⁡(W):=⨁p,qDp,q​(W)D(W):=\bigoplus_{p,q}D_{p,q}(W). Using partitions of unity from Proposition 5.10, it is easy to show that the currents form a sheaf on Xan{X^{\rm an}}.

Example 6.3

A signed Radon measure μ\mu on an open subset WW of Xan{X^{\rm an}} induces a current [μ]∈D0​(W)[\mu]\in D_{0}(W) by setting [μ]​(f):=∫Xanf​𝑑μ[\mu](f):=\int_{X^{\rm an}}fd\mu as usual. Since the topology on Ac0​(W)=Cc∞​(W)A_{c}^{0}(W)=C_{c}^{\infty}(W) is finer than the topology induced by the supremum norm, we conclude that [μ][\mu] is indeed a current on WW.

Remark 6.4

Let φ:X′→X\varphi:X^{\prime}\rightarrow X be a proper morphism of algebraic varieties over KK. Then there is a linear map φ∗:Dp,q​((X′)an)→Dp,q​(Xan)\varphi_{*}:D_{p,q}((X^{\prime})^{\rm an})\rightarrow D_{p,q}({X^{\rm an}}), where the push-forward φ∗​(T′)∈Dp,q​(Xan)\varphi_{*}(T^{\prime})\in D_{p,q}({X^{\rm an}}) of T′∈Dp,q​((X′)an)T^{\prime}\in D_{p,q}((X^{\prime})^{\rm an}) is characterized by

φ∗​(T′)​(α)=T′​(φ∗​(α))\varphi_{*}(T^{\prime})(\alpha)=T^{\prime}(\varphi^{*}(\alpha))

for every α∈Acp,q​(Xan)\alpha\in A_{c}^{p,q}({X^{\rm an}}). It follows from continuity of the map OPENφ∗:Acp,q​(Xan))→Acp,q​((X′)an)\varphi^{*}:A_{c}^{p,q}({X^{\rm an}}))\rightarrow A_{c}^{p,q}((X^{\prime})^{\rm an}) that φ∗​(T)\varphi_{*}(T) is indeed a current on TT. To define the push-forward, we need the fact that a proper algebraic morphism induces a proper morphism between the analytifications meaning that the preimage of a compact subset in Xan{X^{\rm an}} is compact (see [Be90], Proposition 3.4.7).

Example 6.5

We have the current of integration δX∈D2​n​(Xan)\delta_{X}\in D_{2n}({X^{\rm an}}) given by δX​(α)=∫Xα\delta_{X}(\alpha)=\int_{X}\alpha for α∈Ac2​n​(Xan)\alpha\in A_{c}^{2n}({X^{\rm an}}). More generally, we define the current of integration along a closed ss-dimensional subvariety YY of XX as the push-forward of δY∈D2​s​(Yan)\delta_{Y}\in D_{2s}({Y^{\rm an}}) to Xan{X^{\rm an}}. By abuse of notation, we denote this element of D2​s​(Xan)D_{2s}({X^{\rm an}}) also by δY\delta_{Y}. By linearity in the components, we define the current of integration along a cycle on XX. If WW is an open subset of Xan{X^{\rm an}}, then we get a current δW∈D2​n​(W)\delta_{W}\in D_{2n}(W) by restricting δX\delta_{X}.

6.6

Let T∈Dp,q​(W)T\in D_{p,q}(W) and ω∈Ar,s​(W)\omega\in A^{r,s}(W) for an open subset WW of Xan{X^{\rm an}}. Then we define T∧ω∈Dp−r,q−s​(W)T\wedge\omega\in D_{p-r,q-s}(W) by (T∧ω)​(α)=T⁡(ω∧α)(T\wedge\omega)(\alpha)=T(\omega\wedge\alpha) for α∈Acp−r,q−s​(W)\alpha\in A_{c}^{p-r,q-s}(W). Since the wedge product with a given form is a continuous operation on Ac​(W)A_{c}(W), it is clear that T∧ωT\wedge\omega is really a current on WW.

Example 6.7

For ω∈Ar,s​(W)\omega\in A^{r,s}(W), the current [ω]∈Dn−r,n−s​(W)[\omega]\in D_{n-r,n-s}(W) associated to ω\omega is defined by [ω]:=δW∧ω[\omega]:=\delta_{W}\wedge\omega and we get an injective linear map a:Ar,s​(W)→Dn−r,n−s​(W)a:A^{r,s}(W)\rightarrow D_{n-r,n-s}(W) given by a⁡(ω):=[ω]a(\omega):=[\omega].

Proposition 6.8

Let ω∈A2​n​(W)\omega\in A^{2n}(W) for an open subset WW of Xan{X^{\rm an}}. Then there is a unique signed Radon measure μ\mu on WW such that ∫Wf​𝑑μ=[ω]​(f)\int_{W}fd\mu=[\omega](f) for every f∈Cc∞​(W)f\in C_{c}^{\infty}(W). If ω\omega has compact support, then we have |μ|​(W)<∞|\mu|(W)<\infty.

Proof: It is easy to prove that [ω][\omega] induces a continuous linear functional on Cc∞​(W)C_{c}^{\infty}(W) where this locally convex vector space is endowed with the subspace topology of Cc​(W)C_{c}(W). By 5.8, this subspace is dense and hence the Riesz representation theorem proves the first claim. If ω\omega has compact support, then supp⁡(μ){\rm supp}(\mu) is also compact and the last claim follows. □\square

6.9

Let us again consider an open subset WW of Xan{X^{\rm an}}. A function f:W→ℝ∪{±∞}f:W\rightarrow{\mathbb{R}}\cup\{\pm\infty\} is called locally integrable if ff is integrable with respect to the measure μ\mu associated to any ω∈Ac2​n​(W)\omega\in A_{c}^{2n}(W). Then we write ∫Wf​ω:=∫Wf​𝑑μ\int_{W}f\omega:=\int_{W}fd\mu.

For a locally integrable function ff on WW and η∈Ap,q​(W)\eta\in A^{p,q}(W), we define [f⋅η]∈Dp,q​(W)[f\cdot\eta]\in D_{p,q}(W) by [f⋅η]​(α):=∫Wf​η∧α[f\cdot\eta](\alpha):=\int_{W}f\eta\wedge\alpha for every α∈Acn−p,n−q​(W)\alpha\in A_{c}^{n-p,n-q}(W).

Chambert-Loir and Ducros proved the Poincaré–Lelong equation for rational functions:

Proposition 6.10

Let ff be a rational function on XX which is not identically zero. Then log⁡|f|\log|f| is a locally integrable function on Xan{X^{\rm an}} and we have d′​d′′​[log⁡|f|]=δdiv⁡(f)d^{\prime}d^{\prime\prime}[\log|f|]=\delta_{{\rm div}(f)}.

Proof: See [CD12], Theorem 4.6.5. □\square

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