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5. Singularities in Mori theory [02EL]

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5. Singularities in Mori theory

The singular locus of the normal complex space of pure dimension nn is a codimension ≥2\geq 2 analytic subvariety denoted by Vs​i​n​gV^{sing}. Let Vr​e​g=V−Vs​i​n​gV^{reg}=V-V^{sing} and j:Vr​e​g→Vj:V^{reg}\to V be the natural open immersion.

5.1. Log terminal singularities

Since this material may not be familiar to complex analysts or differential geometers, we briefly recall some basic facts on some of the singularities encountered in the Minimal Model Program (MMP for short). See [KM] for a detailled account in the algebraic case, the analytic theory being also surveyed there in less detail.

The sheaf of holomorphic functions 𝒪V\mathcal{O}_{V} is the subsheaf of the sheaf of continuous functions on VV consisting of the functions whose restriction to Vr​e​gV^{reg} is holomorphic. Actually, by Hartogs’ theorem, any holomorphic function on Vr​e​gV^{reg} extends to VV, which means that j∗​𝒪Vr​e​g=𝒪Vj_{*}\mathcal{O}_{V^{reg}}=\mathcal{O}_{V}.

Every meromorphic n-form α\alpha on Vr​e​gV^{reg} extends to VV, i.e. let π:X→V\pi:X\to V be a resolution of singularities of VV, then the meromorphic nn-form π∗​α\pi^{*}\alpha defined on π−1​Vr​e​g\pi^{-1}V^{reg} extends to a meromorphic nn-form on XX. Let ωVr​e​g\omega_{V^{reg}} be the canonical sheaf of the smooth variety Vr​e​gV^{reg}. The sheaf ωV=j∗​ωVr​e​g\omega_{V}=j_{*}\omega_{V^{reg}} is a coherent analytic sheaf on VV.

More generally every meromorphic pluricanonical form on Vr​e​gV^{reg} extends to VV and ωV[q]=j∗​ωVr​e​gq\omega^{[q]}_{V}=j_{*}\omega_{V^{reg}}^{q}, q>0q>0 is a coherent analytic sheaf on VV.

Definition 5.1.

Say VV is 1-Gorenstein iff one of the following equivalent conditions holds:

  1. (1)

    Every x∈Vx\in V has an open neighborhood UU such that Ur​e​gU^{reg} carries an holomorphic nn-form with an empty zero divisor.

  2. (2)

    ωV\omega_{V} is a rank one locally free sheaf.

  3. (3)

    Every x∈Vx\in V has an open neighborhood UU such that ωUr​e​g\omega_{U^{reg}} is isomorphic to 𝒪Vr​e​g|U\mathcal{O}_{V^{reg}}|_{U}.

A local section of ωV\omega_{V} defining an holomorphic nn-form without zeroes on Vr​e​gV^{reg} will be called a local generator of ωV\omega_{V}. If furthermore VV is Cohen-Macaulay, VV is said to be Gorenstein.

Say VV is ℚ\mathbb{Q}-Gorenstein iff one of the following equivalent conditions is satisfied:

  1. (1)

    Every x∈Vx\in V has an open neighborhood UU such that Ur​e​gU^{reg} carries an holomorphic pluricanonical form with an empty zero divisor.

  2. (2)

    For every x∈Vx\in V, there exists Nx∈ℕN_{x}\in\mathbb{N} and an open neighborhood UU of xx such that ωU[Nx]\omega^{[N_{x}]}_{U} is a rank one locally free sheaf.

  3. (3)

    For every x∈Vx\in V there is Nx∈ℕN_{x}\in\mathbb{N} and an open neighborhood UU of xx such that ωUr​e​gNx\omega^{N_{x}}_{U^{reg}} is isomorphic to 𝒪Vr​e​g|U\mathcal{O}_{V^{reg}}|_{U}.

A local section of ωV[N]\omega^{[N]}_{V} defining an holomorphic pluricanonical form without zeroes on Vr​e​gV^{reg} will be called a local generator of ωV[N]\omega^{[N]}_{V}.

For every x∈Vx\in V, the smallest NxN_{x} fulfilling condition 3 near xx is called the local index of VV at xx. The l.c.m. of all local indices, if finite, is called the index of VV.

Definition 5.2.

Say VV has only canonical singularities iff VV is ℚ\mathbb{Q}-Gorenstein, of finite index NN and one of the following equivalent conditions is fulfilled:

  1. (1)

    Let π:X→V\pi:X\to V be a resolution. Let α\alpha be a local generator of ωV[N]\omega_{V}^{[N]}. The meromorphic pluricanonical form π∗​α\pi^{*}\alpha is holomorphic.

  2. (2)

    Let π:X→V\pi:X\to V be a resolution. For every m∈ℕ,π∗​ωX[N​m]=ωV[N​m]m\in\mathbb{N},\ \pi_{*}\omega_{X}^{[Nm]}=\omega_{V}^{[Nm]}.

  3. (3)

    (Assuming VV is an algebraic variety) Let π:X→V\pi:X\to V be a resolution. Then KX≅π∗​KV+∑aE​EK_{X}\cong\pi^{*}K_{V}+\displaystyle\sum a_{E}E with aE≥0a_{E}\geq 0 where ≅\cong means numerical equivalence of ℚ\mathbb{Q}-Cartier divisors and the sum runs over the exceptional divisors of π\pi.

Observe that it is enough to check the first two conditions for some resolution. In the third condition N​aENa_{E} is the order of vanishing of π∗​α\pi^{*}\alpha along the divisor EE.

Definition 5.3.

Say VV has only log-terminal singularities iff VV is ℚ\mathbb{Q}-Gorenstein, of finite index NN and the following holds: let π:X→V\pi:X\to V be a log-resolution and let α\alpha be a local generator of ωV[N]\omega_{V}^{[N]}: then the pole along any component EE of e​x​c​(π)exc(\pi) of the meromorphic NN-canonical form π∗​α\pi^{*}\alpha on XX is of order ≤N−1\leq N-1.

When VV is algebraic an equivalent formulation is: let π:X→V\pi:X\to V be a log-resolution. Then KX≅π∗​KV+∑EaE​EK_{X}\cong\pi^{*}K_{V}+\displaystyle\sum_{E}a_{E}E with aE>−1a_{E}>-1.

The importance of the class of canonical singularities comes from a theorem due to M. Reid [R 1] (see also [Deb], p. 174):

Theorem 5.4.

Let XX be a projective algebraic manifold of general type whose canonical ring R=⊕n∈ℕH0(X,ωXn)R={\displaystyle\oplus_{n\in\mathbb{N}}}H^{0}(X,\omega_{X}^{n}) is of finite type. Then the canonical model of XX, Xc​a​n:=P​r​o​j​(R)X_{can}:=Proj(R) has only canonical singularities. If N=I​n​d​e​x​(Xc​a​n)N=Index(X_{can}) then ωXc​a​n[N]\omega^{[N]}_{X_{can}} is ample.

The finiteness of the canonical ring for varieties of general type is known in dimension 3 [Ka]. In higher dimension, Y.Kawamata has proved that it is a consequence of the existence of minimal models. Xc​a​nX_{can} is a uniquely defined singular birational model of XX. The minimal models of XX in the sense of the MMP are crepant terminalizations of Xc​a​nX_{can} and do not enjoy the above unicity since they may be related by non trivial flops.

Examples 5.5.

Let SS be a normal algebraic surface. The following are equivalent:

  1. (1)

    SS has only canonical singularities.

  2. (2)

    SS is locally analytically isomorphic to X=ℂ2/GX=\mathbb{C}^{2}/G, G⊂S​L2​(ℂ)G\subset SL_{2}(\mathbb{C}) a finite subgroup.

  3. (3)

    The exceptional divisors of the minimal resolution πm​i​n\pi_{min} of SS, have simple normal crossings, their components are (-2) smooth rational curves, their incidence graphs are of type A-D-E (Du Val singularities).

The log terminal surface singularities are precisely the singularities of the form X=ℂ2/GX=\mathbb{C}^{2}/G, G⊂G​L2​(ℂ)G\subset GL_{2}(\mathbb{C}) a finite subgroup.

Examples 5.6.

In higher dimension, quotient singularities are still log terminal. Fix n>0n>0 and let H⊂ℂ​ℙn+1H\subset\mathbb{C}{\mathbb{P}}^{n+1} be a smooth degree dd hypersurface. The affine cone over HH has only canonical singularities iff d≤n+1d\leq n+1.

In particular, the ordinary double point x2+y2+z2+t2=0x^{2}+y^{2}+z^{2}+t^{2}=0 has only canonical singularities but it is not a quotient singularity.

The hypersurface singularities of type A−D−EA-D-E are canonical.

5.2. Normal Kähler spaces

Plurisubharmonic functions

Let VV be a normal analytic space of pure dimension nn. A plurisubharmonic (psh) function φ\varphi on VV is an upper semicontinuous function on VV with values in ℝ∪{−∞}\mathbb{R}\cup\{-\infty\}, which is not locally −∞-\infty, and extends to a psh function in some local embedding V→ℂNV\to\mathbb{C}^{N}. The function φ\varphi is strongly psh (resp. 𝒞0{\mathcal{C}}^{0}, resp. 𝒞∞{\mathcal{C}}^{\infty}) iff it extends to a strongly psh function (resp. 𝒞0{\mathcal{C}}^{0}, resp. 𝒞∞{\mathcal{C}}^{\infty}) in some local embedding. A continuous function is psh iff its restriction to Vr​e​gV^{reg} is so [FN]. A bounded psh function on Vr​e​gV^{reg} extends to VV.

A pluriharmonic function on VV is a real valued continuous function on VV ff on VV such that one of the following equivalent conditions holds:

  • •

    ff is locally the real part of a holomorphic function.

  • •

    Given a local embedding V→ℂNV\to\mathbb{C}^{N}, ff extends locally to a pluriharmonic function on ℂN\mathbb{C}^{N}.

  • •

    f|Vr​e​gf|_{V^{reg}} is pluriharmonic.

Semi-Kähler currents

Definition 5.7.

A semi-Kähler, resp. Kähler, resp. smooth Kähler, potential on VV is a family (Ui,φi)i∈I(U_{i},\varphi_{i})_{i\in I} where (Ui)(U_{i}) is an open covering of VV and φi\varphi_{i} a psh function, resp. a strongly psh function, resp. a 𝒞∞{\mathcal{C}}^{\infty}-smooth strongly psh function, on UiU_{i} such that φi−φj\varphi_{i}-\varphi_{j} is pluriharmonic on Ui∩UjU_{i}\cap U_{j}.

Define an equivalence relation on semi-kähler potentials requiring that (Ui,φi)∼(Vj,ψj)(U_{i},\varphi_{i})\sim(V_{j},\psi_{j}) iff φi−ψj\varphi_{i}-\psi_{j} is pluriharmonic on Ui∩VjU_{i}\cap V_{j}.

Definition 5.8.

A smooth Kähler metric Ω\Omega on VV is a ∼\sim-equivalence class of smooth Kähler potentials. A semi-Kähler (resp. Kähler) current on VV is a ∼\sim-equivalence class of semi-Kähler (resp. Kähler) potentials.

A semi-Kähler current Ω=(Ui,φi)i∈Imod∼\Omega=(U_{i},\varphi_{i})_{i\in I}\mod\sim is said to have Ll​o​c∞L_{loc}^{\infty} (resp. 𝒞0{\mathcal{C}}^{0}, resp. Hölder continuous) potentials iff each φi\varphi_{i} is Ll​o​c∞L_{loc}^{\infty} (resp. 𝒞0{\mathcal{C}}^{0}, resp. Hölder continuous).

We will on occasion drop the requirement that the local potentials of Ω\Omega are psh, replacing it by the requirement that they are locally the sum of a smooth and a psh function. The current Ω\Omega will then be called a quasi positive closed current on VV.

If it has locally bounded potentials, Ω\Omega is fully determined by the closed (1,1)(1,1) form Ωr​e​g\Omega_{reg} on Vr​e​gV_{reg} defined on UiU_{i} by Ωr​e​g=d​dc​φi\Omega_{reg}=dd^{c}\varphi_{i}.

Let Ω\Omega be a smooth Kähler metric on VV with Kähler potential (Ui,φi)(U_{i},\varphi_{i}). An upper semi-continuous function φ:X→ℝ∪−∞\varphi:X\to\mathbb{R}\cup{-\infty} is said to be Ω\Omega-psh iff ∀i\forall i φi+φ\varphi_{i}+\varphi is psh on UiU_{i}. The semi-Kähler current whose potential is (Ui,φ+φi)(U_{i},\varphi+\varphi_{i}) is denoted by Ω+d​dc​φ\Omega+dd^{c}\varphi.

Example 5.9.

Let V=ℂ2/±1V=\mathbb{C}^{2}/{\pm 1}. Let (x,y)(x,y) be the usual affine coordinates on ℂ2\mathbb{C}^{2}, (u,v,w)(u,v,w) those on ℂ3\mathbb{C}^{3}. The formulas u=x2,v=y2,w=x​yu=x^{2},\ v=y^{2},\ w=xy realize VV as the closed subscheme of ℂ3\mathbb{C}^{3} whose equation is u​v−w2=0uv-w^{2}=0. We have two ‘natural’Kähler metrics on VV, the first one is smooth with potential φ1=|u|2+|v|2+|w|2\varphi^{1}=|u|^{2}+|v|^{2}+|w|^{2}, induced by the euclidean Kähler metric of ℂ3\mathbb{C}^{3}, the second one is the Kähler current whose potential is φ2=|u|+|v|\varphi^{2}=|u|+|v|. On Vr​e​gV^{reg} it is the quotient of the euclidean metric restricted to ℂ2−{0}\mathbb{C}^{2}-\{0\}. Near 00, d​dc​φ2≫d​dc​φ1dd^{c}\varphi^{2}\gg dd^{c}\varphi^{1}.

The metric d​dc​φ2dd^{c}\varphi^{2} is an example of an orbifold Kähler metric on VV. The results of [Y] extend without major modifications to Kähler orbifolds. For instance, in each Kähler class of a nodal K3 surface there is a unique Ricci flat orbifold metric.

Chern-Weil forms and hermitian metrics

Let 𝒫​ℋV\mathcal{PH}_{V} be the sheaf of real-valued pluriharmonic functions on VV. By definition, a closed (1,1)-form on VV is a section of the sheaf 𝒞V∞/𝒫​ℋV{\mathcal{C}}^{\infty}_{V}/\mathcal{PH}_{V}. We have the exact sequence:

𝒞∞​(V)→Γ⁡(V,𝒞V∞/𝒫​ℋV)⟶[.]H1​(V,𝒫​ℋV)→0.{\mathcal{C}}^{\infty}(V)\to\Gamma(V,{\mathcal{C}}^{\infty}_{V}/\mathcal{PH}_{V})\mathrel{\mathop{\kern 0.0pt\longrightarrow}\limits^{[\ \ .\ \ ]}}H^{1}(V,\mathcal{PH}_{V})\to 0.

A class in H1​(X,𝒫​ℋX)H^{1}(X,\mathcal{PH}_{X}) will be called Kähler, if it is in the [.][\ \ .\ \ ] image of a smooth Kähler metric.

Remark 5.10.

Assume XX is smooth. A class [ω][\omega] in H1​(X,𝒫​ℋX)H^{1}(X,\mathcal{PH}_{X}) will be called numerically base point free iff there exists a proper surjective holomorphic mapping X→YX\to Y, YY normal, such that [ω][\omega] is the pull back of a Kähler class on YY. This is a stronger condition than being semi-Kähler.

In the non-big case (i.e.: ∫Xωn=0\int_{X}\omega^{n}=0), it is straightforward to construct semi-Kähler classes that are not numerically base point free (e.g. on complex tori). On the other hand, it is still unknown whether there exists a smooth projective variety XX and a semi-Kähler form ω\omega which is big without being numerically base point free.

Let LL be a holomorphic line bundle on VV. The notion of smooth hermitian metric on (V,L)(V,L) is defined as in the smooth case. Let hh be such a metric on (V,L)(V,L).

Let s∈H0​(U,L)s\in H^{0}(U,L) be a nowhere zero local holomorphic section of LL (a local generator of LL) defined over the open subset U⊂VU\subset V. Set e−φs:=‖s‖h2e^{-\varphi_{s}}:=||s||_{h}^{2}, where φs\varphi_{s} is a 𝒞∞{\mathcal{C}}^{\infty}-smooth function on UU. The current d​dc​φsdd^{c}\varphi_{s} is a smooth closed (1,1)-form on VV which does not depend on ss; it is a semi-Kähler current if φs\varphi_{s} is psh.

More generally, let (Ui)i(U_{i})_{i} be an open covering of VV and si∈H0​(Ui,𝒪V​(L))s_{i}\in H^{0}(U_{i},\mathcal{O}_{V}(L)) a local generator of LL. Let φi=φsi\varphi_{i}=\varphi_{s_{i}}. The datum (Ui,φi)(U_{i},\varphi_{i}) defines a smooth closed (1,1)-form on VV.

Definition 5.11.

The Chern-Weil form of (V,L,h)(V,L,h) (or of hh) is the ∼\sim-equivalence class of the data (Ui,φi)(U_{i},\varphi_{i}) constructed above. We will denote it by c1​(L,h)c_{1}(L,h).

It is immediate that [c1​(L,h)][c_{1}(L,h)] is independent of hh. Hence there is a linear map c1:P​i​c​(V)→H1​(V,𝒫​ℋV)c_{1}:Pic(V)\to H^{1}(V,\mathcal{PH}_{V}). The connection with the more widely known smooth case is made by the observation that, if XX is a compact Kähler manifold, H1,1​(X,ℝ)=H1​(X,𝒫​ℋX)H^{1,1}(X,\mathbb{R})=H^{1}(X,\mathcal{PH}_{X}).

Proposition 5.12.

Let VV a compact normal complex analytic variety.

The space H1​(V,𝒫​ℋV)H^{1}(V,\mathcal{PH}_{V}) is finite dimensional.

Let LL a holomorphic line bundle on VV. Every representative of c1​(L)c_{1}(L) in H1​(V,𝒫​ℋV)H^{1}(V,\mathcal{PH}_{V}) is the Chern-Weil form of a smooth hermitian on LL.

If there exists a smooth hermitian metric hh such that c1​(L,h)c_{1}(L,h) is Kähler, then VV is projective-algebraic and LL is ample.

Proof.

The most difficult task is to show that, in the last assertion, VV is Moishezon. This follows from Siu’s solution of the Grauert-Riemenschneider conjecture [Siu]. ∎

A singular metric on LL is an expression h=e−φ​hs​mh=e^{-\varphi}h_{sm}, φ\varphi being a locally smooth + psh function and hs​mh_{sm} a smooth hermitian metric. Its Chern-Weil form is the quasi-positive current c1​(L,hs​m)+d​dc​φc_{1}(L,h_{sm})+dd^{c}\varphi.

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