ScalingStacks

Example 2.5 . [03MX]

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Example 2.5.

Let m>2m>2 and a1,…,am>0a_{1},\ldots,a_{m}>0, and define polynomials p,Pp,P by

p(x)=(1+a1x2)⋯(1+amx2)−1andP(x)=p⁡(x)x2.p(x)=(1+a_{1}x^{2})\cdots(1+a_{m}x^{2})-1\quad\text{and}\quad P(x)=\frac{p(x)}{x^{2}}. (2.3)

Define real numbers ϕ1,…,ϕm\phi_{1},\ldots,\phi_{m} and AA by

ϕk=ak​∫−∞∞d​x(1+ak​x2)​P⁡(x)andA=∫−∞∞d​x2​P⁡(x).\phi_{k}=a_{k}\int_{-\infty}^{\infty}\frac{{\rm d}x}{(1+a_{k}x^{2})\sqrt{P(x)}}\quad\text{and}\quad A=\int_{-\infty}^{\infty}\frac{{\rm d}x}{2\sqrt{P(x)}}\,.

Clearly ϕk,A>0\phi_{k},A>0. But writing ϕ1+⋯+ϕm\phi_{1}+\cdots+\phi_{m} as one integral gives

ϕ1+⋯+ϕm=∫0∞p′​(x)​d​x(p⁡(x)+1)​p⁡(x)=2​∫0∞d​ww2+1=π,\phi_{1}+\cdots+\phi_{m}=\int_{0}^{\infty}\frac{p^{\prime}(x){\rm d}x}{(p(x)+1)\sqrt{p(x)}}=2\int_{0}^{\infty}\frac{{\rm d}w}{w^{2}+1}=\pi,

making the substitution w=p⁡(x)w=\sqrt{p(x)}. So ϕk∈(0,π)\phi_{k}\in(0,\pi) and ϕ1+⋯+ϕm=π\phi_{1}+\cdots+\phi_{m}=\pi. This yields a 1-1 correspondence between mm-tuples (a1,…,am)(a_{1},\ldots,a_{m}) with ak>0a_{k}>0, and (m+1)(m\!+\!1)-tuples (ϕ1,…,ϕm,A)(\phi_{1},\ldots,\phi_{m},A) with ϕk∈(0,π)\phi_{k}\in(0,\pi), ϕ1+⋯+ϕm=π\phi_{1}+\cdots+\phi_{m}=\pi and A>0A>0.

For k=1,…,mk=1,\ldots,m, define a function zk:ℝ→ℂz_{k}:{\mathbin{\mathbb{R}}}\rightarrow{\mathbin{\mathbb{C}}} by

zk​(y)=ei​ψk​(y)​ak−1+y2,whereψk​(y)=ak​∫−∞yd​x(1+ak​x2)​P⁡(x).z_{k}(y)={\rm e}^{i\psi_{k}(y)}\sqrt{a_{k}^{-1}+y^{2}},\quad\text{where}\quad\psi_{k}(y)=a_{k}\int_{-\infty}^{y}\frac{{\rm d}x}{(1+a_{k}x^{2})\sqrt{P(x)}}\,.

Now write ϕ=(ϕ1,…,ϕm){\boldsymbol{\phi}}=(\phi_{1},\ldots,\phi_{m}), and define a submanifold Lϕ,AL_{{\boldsymbol{\phi}},A} in ℂm{\mathbin{\mathbb{C}}}^{m} by

Lϕ,A={(z1(y)x1,…,zm(y)xm):y∈ℝ,xk∈ℝ,x12+⋯+xm2=1}.L_{{\boldsymbol{\phi}},A}=\bigl\{(z_{1}(y)x_{1},\ldots,z_{m}(y)x_{m}):y\in{\mathbin{\mathbb{R}}},\;x_{k}\in{\mathbin{\mathbb{R}}},\;x_{1}^{2}+\cdots+x_{m}^{2}=1\bigr\}.

Then Lϕ,AL_{{\boldsymbol{\phi}},A} is closed, embedded, and diffeomorphic to 𝒮m−1×ℝ{\cal S}^{m-1}\times{\mathbin{\mathbb{R}}}, and Harvey [26, Th. 7.78] shows that Lϕ,AL_{{\boldsymbol{\phi}},A} is special Lagrangian. Also Lϕ,AL_{{\boldsymbol{\phi}},A} is asymptotically conical, with rate ρ=2−m\rho=2-m and cone CC the union Π0∪Πϕ\Pi_{0}\cup\Pi_{\boldsymbol{\phi}} of two special Lagrangian mm-planes Π0,Πϕ\Pi_{0},\Pi_{\boldsymbol{\phi}} in ℂm{\mathbin{\mathbb{C}}}^{m} given by

Π0={(x1,…,xm):xj∈ℝ},Πϕ={(ei​ϕ1x1,…,ei​ϕmxm):xj∈ℝ}.\Pi_{0}=\bigl\{(x_{1},\ldots,x_{m}):x_{j}\in{\mathbin{\mathbb{R}}}\bigr\},\;\>\Pi_{\boldsymbol{\phi}}=\bigl\{({\rm e}^{i\phi_{1}}x_{1},\ldots,{\rm e}^{i\phi_{m}}x_{m}):x_{j}\in{\mathbin{\mathbb{R}}}\bigr\}.

Apply Theorem 2.4 with L=Lϕ,AL=L_{{\boldsymbol{\phi}},A} and ρ∈(2−m,0)\rho\in(2-m,0). As L≅𝒮m−1×ℝL\cong{\cal S}^{m-1}\times{\mathbin{\mathbb{R}}} we have bcs1​(L)=1b^{1}_{\rm cs}(L)=1, so Theorem 2.4 shows that dimℳLρ=1\mathop{\rm dim}\nolimits{\mathbin{\cal M}}_{\scriptscriptstyle L}^{\rho}=1. This is consistent with the fact that when ϕ\boldsymbol{\phi} is fixed, Lϕ,AL_{{\boldsymbol{\phi}},A} depends on one real parameter A>0A>0. Here ϕ\boldsymbol{\phi} is fixed in ℳLρ{\mathbin{\cal M}}_{\scriptscriptstyle L}^{\rho} as the cone C=Π0∪ΠϕC=\Pi_{0}\cup\Pi_{\boldsymbol{\phi}} of LL depends on ϕ\boldsymbol{\phi}, and all L^∈ℳLρ\hat{L}\in{\mathbin{\cal M}}_{\scriptscriptstyle L}^{\rho} have the same cone CC, by definition.

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